Pengaruh Konsentrasi Kitosan Udang dan Kepiting sebagai Edible Coating terhadap Mutu dan Daya Simpan Tomat Ceri (Solanum lycopersicum var. Cerasiforme)

Tomat ceri merupakan salah satu komoditas hortikultura yang memiliki nilai jual yang tinggi. Kehilangan hasil akibat kerusakan pascapanen tomat ceri perlu dicegah dengan penanganan pascapanen yang tepat. Salah satu metode yang dapat diaplikasikan adalah pelapisan edible coating menggunakan kitosan. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menentukan sumber dan konsentrasi kitosan yang optimal untuk mempertahankan mutu dan memperpanjang masa simpan buah tomat ceri. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Sub-Laboratorium Hortikultura, Laboratorium Manajemen Produksi Tanaman, Departemen Budidaya Pertanian, Fakultas Pertanian UGM pada bulan Juli-Agustus 2019. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok lengkap (RAKL) faktor tunggal dengan tiga blok sebagai ulangan. Perlakuan yang diuji yaitu sumber dan konsentrasi kitosan. Sumber kitosan berasal dari kepiting dan udang, masing-masing dengan konsentrasi yaitu 1%, 1,5%, 2%, 2,5%, dan 3%. Pengamatan dilakukan pada beberapa variabel iklim mikro di ruang penelitian, beberapa indikator kualitas buah, dan masa simpan buah tomat ceri. Data yang diperoleh selanjutnya dianalisis varian (ANOVA) dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Honestly Significance Difference (HSD) Tukey pada tingkat kepercayaan 95%. Hasil penelitian memberikan informasi bahwa Aplikasi kitosan yang bersumber dari udang maupun kepiting sampai dengan konsentrasi 3% belum memberikan kontribusi yang positif terhadap mutu dan daya simpan buah tomat ceri. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut menggunakan pelapisan kitosan yang bersumber dari udang maupun kepiting dengan konsentrasi yang lebih tinggi dari 3%

Penambahan Kalsium Meningkatkan Kandungan Pektin pada Bibit Kelapa Sawit Tercekam Kekeringan (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

Long drought due to climate anomalies results in physiological damage to oil palm which is characterized by frond fracture to the decreased productivity. One of the efforts to increase the resistance of oil palm to drought is through the addition of calcium. This study aimed to determine the effect of calcium on hormonal changes (as secondary messenger), the rate of photosynthesis till the content of pectin as a reinforcing component of cell walls which is expected to reduce the risk of frond fracture due to drought. The treatment was arranged in factorial 3 x 4 in the random complete block design (RCBD) split-plot. The first factor was the dose of calcium application which was 0 (control/without calcium), 0,04 g, 0,08 g, and 0,12 g. The second factor was the intensity of drought stress consisting of severe stress, moderate stress, and control/field capacity with an intensity of one week after achieving target weight. Data that fulfilled the assumptions of homogeneity and normality were then analyzed using variance analysis at a level of accuracy of 5% and continued with DMRT. The results showed that calcium can increase the resistance of oil palm seeds through increased GA content, decreased ABA content and increased photosynthetic rates in all soil moisture conditions, but varied according to the intensity of drought.Kekeringan panjang akibat anomali iklim mengakibatkan kerusakan fisiologis bagi kelapa sawit yang ditandai dengan patah pelepah hingga berujung pada penurunan produktivitas. Upaya untuk meningkatkan ketahanan kelapa sawit sawit terhadap kekeringan salah satunya melalui penambahan kalsium. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan pengaruh kalsium terhadap perubahan hormon (secondary messenger), laju fotosintesis hingga kandungan pektin sebagai komponen penguat dinding sel yang diharapkan dapat mengurangi resiko patah pelepah akibat kekeringan. Perlakuan disusun secara faktorial 3 x 4 dalam rancangan kelompok acak lengkap (RAKL) desain split plot. Faktor pertama adalah dosis aplikasi kalsium yaitu 0 (kontrol/tanpa kalsium), 0,04 g, 0,08 g dan 0,12g per polibag. Faktor kedua adalah intensitas cekaman kekeringan yang terdiri atas cekaman berat, cekaman moderat dan kontrol/kapasitas lapangan) dengan intensitas satu minggu sejak tercapainya bobot target. Data yang memenuhi asumsi homogenitas dan normalitas selanjutnya dianalisis menggunakan analisis ragam pada tingkat ketelitian 5%, dan dilanjutkan dengan uji lanjut DMRT. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa, kalsium dapat meningkatkan ketahanan bibit kelapa sawit melalui perubahan kandungan asam giberelin, peningkatan laju fotosintesis dan peningkatan kandungan pektin total pada kondisi kekeringan moderat hingga berat. Asam giberelin meningkat seiring bertambahnya dosis kalsium, namun peningkatan taraf kekeringan dapat menurunkan kandungannya

Morphological characters of root and yield of three cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) clones in the field with dead-end trench

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is a perennial crop originated from tropical regions, divided into Criollo, Forastero, and Trinitario. Demand for cocoa has increased, but the productivity is still low. The increase in production could be achieved by improving crop management and using superior clones. RCC-70, RCC-71, and KKM-22 are recommended as the superior cocoa clones. Dead-end trench can reduce erosion and surface run-off as well as improve rooting and soil organic matter sequestration. The objectives of this research were to study the effects of dead-end trench application on morphological characters of roots and yields of three cocoa clones and to determine which cocoa clone(s) performed a signifificant yield increase with the application of dead-end trench. The research was conducted in August 2018–April 2019 at Pagilaran Ltd. cocoa plantation in North Segayung Production Unit, subdistrict Tulis, Batang, Central Java. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications as block. The first factor was dead-end trench application (with and without dead-end trench application) and the second factor was cocoa clones (RCC-70, RCC-71, and KKM-22). This study showed that application of dead-end trench and clones significantly increased root fresh weight, root dry weight, seed fresh weight, and seed dry weight, but had no significant effect on fruit diameter, fruit length, root length, and root surface area. RCC-70 clone, coupled with the application of dead-end trench, resulted in the highest seed dry weight compared to RCC-71 and KKM-22 clones

The Effects of Types of Manure and Mycorrhizal Applications on Sandy Soils on the Growth and Yield of Curly Red Chili (Capsicum annum L.)

Market demand for chilies continues to increase, so efforts are needed to increase the productivity of the chili plants. One of the efforts is by intensifying production factors such as applying fertilizers on beach sand which contain low nutrients and organic matter so that manure input is needed and also utilizes soil microbial technology in the form of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi which are relatively cheap economically and environmentally friendly. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of types of manure and mycorrhizal applications on the growth and yield of curly red chili. The research was arranged in a strip-plot Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) consisting of two factors with three replications. The first factor is the type of fertilizer (cow manure, chicken manure, guano fertilizer, quail manure and urea fertilizer) and the second factor is the application of mycorrhizae (with and without). This study concludes that quail manure increases plant height. The addition of chicken manure, guano fertilizer and quail manure multiplies the total fruit production. The application of mycorrhizae gives the same results on the growth and yield of chili

Pertumbuhan, Produktivitas, dan Rendemen Minyak Kelapa Sawit di Dataran Tinggi

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan, produktivitas dan rendemen minyak kelapa sawit yang ditanam pada dataran tinggi. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada empat lokasi penelitian dengan ketinggian tempat 50, 368, 693 dan 865 m dpl yang berada di wilayah Sumatera Utara. Penelitian disusun dalam Rancangan Acak Kelompok menggunakan kelapa sawit jenis tenera pada kelompok tanaman muda yang berumur 7 – 8 tahun. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan tanaman kelapa sawit di dataran tinggi yang meliputi panjang rachis, indeks luas daun, bobot kering daun, tinggi tanaman, volume batang dan bobot kering batang memiliki nilai lebih tinggi dibandingkan tanaman kelapa sawit di dataran rendah. Produktivitas tertinggi mencapai 28,5 ton TBS/ha/tahun pada penanaman kelapa sawit di ketinggian 368 m dpl. Rendemen minyak tertinggi 25,9% dicapai pada ketinggian tempat 50 m dpl. Kandungan karoten tertinggi 590,8 ppm dan nilai indeks panen tertinggi 0,39 dicapai oleh tanaman kelapa sawit di dataran rendah dengan ketinggian 368 m dpl

The improvement of microclimate and soil characteristics in cocoa-tree agroforestry patterns

Shade trees are used in agroforestry pattern for production and service aspects. Cocoa-tree agroforestry pattern is expected to improve atmospheric and rhizosphere zone in cacao plantations. However, the information related to this is still quite limited. This study was conducted using a nested design, with types of shade trees as nest. Shade trees used were Falcataria moluccana, Cocos nucifera, and Cassia spectabilis, and without shade was used as control. Variables observed were light, air temperature, humidity, soil temperature, soil texture, bulk density, permeability, and moisture content. Soil chemical properties were also observed, including organic C, pH, total N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B and content of available P, K, Ca, Mg, and B. The results showed that cacao agroforestry pattern using F. moluccana and C. spectabilis was able to improve the microclimate characteristics and soil fertility. However, F. moluccana showed lower soil fertility than C. spectabilis. F. moluccana and C. spectabilis shade trees were able to optimize light plants from 33 % to 34 %, and from 38 % to 39 %, respectively. F. moluccana could provide optimal air and soil temperature of 30 ⁰C to 32 ⁰C and 27 ⁰C, respectively. Meanwhile, C. spectabilis could provide optimal air and soil temperature of 29 ⁰C to 31⁰C and  26 ⁰C to 27 ⁰C, consecutively. Cocoa-tree agroforestry pattern using C. Spectabilis shade trees could optimize soil moisture content, pH, total N, and P, and availabilities of K, Ca, Mg, and B in soil

The Effect of Calcium on Photosynthetic Rate due to ABA and Proline Behaviour of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Seedlings under Drought Conditions

Planting drought-resistance plants in terms of agronomy, such as induction of plant tolerance using calcium is assumed to be able to solve the climate anomaly problem. Calcium is known as an element that plays an essential role in determining the response of plant resistance to drought through biochemical activity. This study aimed to determine the role of calcium in changing photosynthesis activity in order to increase the resistance to drought stress. The treatment was arranged in factorial of 3 x 4 in a split plot Randomized Complete Block Design replicated three times. The first factor was the dose of calcium application consisted of 0 (control/without calcium), 0.04, 0.08 and 0.12 g. The second factor was the intensity of drought stress, which referred to the Fraction of Transpirable Soil Water method consisted of 1 (control/field capacity), 0.35 (moderate drought) and 0.15 (severe drought). The measurement data of stomatal aperture, Abscisic Acid (ABA) content, chlorophyll content, carotenoid content, proline content, nitrate reductase activity and photosynthesis rate that fulfill the assumption of homogeneity and normality were analyzed using variance at 95% accuracy and continued using DMRT. Moreover, regression analysis were determined of relationship between the treatment and parameters. The results revealed that drought resulted in a decline in leaf water potential and stomatal aperture. The effects of calcium on chlorophyll and carotenoid under drought stress could not be explained in this study. However, the application of calcium has a significant effect on decreased ABA, increased proline and nitrate reductase activity resulting in an increase in the photosynthetic rate of oil palm seeds in drought stress

Root Morphology and Growth Response of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) Hybrid to Al Toxicity at Nursery

The purpose of this study was to determine the response of eight oil palm hybrids through root morphological changes and growth to aluminum (Al) toxicity. The research was conducted in Sleman, Yogyakarta in June 2014 - June 2015. The study was prepared in a Factorial Randomized Block Design, with three replications as block. The first factor was was addition of aluminum in two rates (0 ppm and 300 ppm). The second factor eight oil palm hybrids (Yangambi, Avros, Langkat, PPKS 239, Simalungun, PPKS 718, PPKS 540 and Dumpy). The research was conducted at nursery stage. Observed variables include total root length, total root area, root volume, root diameter, aluminum uptake in root, fractal dimension, as well as  fresh and dry root and shoot weight. The data obtained were analyzed by variant (ANOVA) at 5% level, followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) to find out if there was any real difference between the treatments. Aluminum at 300 ppm can change  the morphological character of root, inhibiting root growth and biomass. All the hybrids give  the same respon  on root morphological and growth variables

Analysis of The Growth of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Exposed by Aluminum Toxicity and Silica as an Amelioration

Aluminum (Al) contained in acidic soil could become an obstacle for plant growth. The Al toxicity could inhibit root growth, water and nutrient absorption. One of the solution to overcome Al toxicity was by applying Silica (Si). The aim of this research was to study the impacts of Al to the growth activity of oil palm and to know the effects of Si to the growth activity of oil palm contaminated by Al. The factorial treatments were arranged in a complete random design with two factors. The first factor was Al toxicity, i.e. with and without Al, while the second factor was the application of Si that consisted of four levels (0, 32, 64, 96 gram per plant). some of variables included leaf area ratio (LAR), leaf area, net assimilation rate (NAR), relative growth ratio (RGR), plant height, and plant dry weight were observed. The result showed that Al toxicity decreased the LAR, leaf area, NAR, RGR, plant height, and plant dry weight. The application of Si 32 gram per plant increased leaf area ratio and was not significantly different from the application of 96 gram Si per plant. However, the application of Si to oil palm contaminated with Al did not affect to relative grow rate, but its application to normal plant would increase the relative growth ratio