19 research outputs found

    Permeability of rocks on the basis of mercury porosimetry and NMR measurements

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    Permeability, the most important reservoir parameter can be directly measured only on rock samples. It can be also determined on the basis of various statistical relationships between petrophysical parameters. We tested usefulness of Swanson parameter from the mercury porosimetry and relaxation time T2 from the NMR to find adequate formulas to improve permeability determination. We used the Devonian carbonates and Carboniferous mudstones and the Rotliegend sandstones

    Total porosity and matrix parameters of carbonate rocks based on the elastic wave velocity and density measurements

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    Badania wykonano w celu wykazania zale偶no艣ci mi臋dzy pr臋dko艣ciami fal spr臋偶ystych uzyskanymi w wyniku pomiar贸w laboratoryjnych a parametrami otrzymanymi w badaniach hydrogeologicznych (porowato艣ci膮 i g臋sto艣ci膮 obj臋to艣ciow膮). Pomiary przeprowadzono na 73 pr贸bkach skalnych, pochodz膮cych w wi臋kszo艣ci z poziom贸w wodono艣nych z rejonu Olkusza. Informacja o pr臋dko艣ciach fal spr臋偶ystych w po艂膮czeniu z parametrami zbiornikowymi (porowato艣ci膮, wsp贸艂czynnikiem filtracji i g臋sto艣ci膮) dostarczy艂a dodatkowych informacji o badanych ska艂ach. Zestawienie pr臋dko艣ci fali pod艂u偶nej P oraz g臋sto艣ci obj臋to艣ciowej z porowato艣ci膮 otwart膮, obliczon膮 w badaniach hydrogeologicznych, da艂o informacj臋 o zakresie zmian pr臋dko艣ci oraz g臋sto艣ci szkieletowej w badanych ska艂ach, kt贸re nast臋pnie wprowadzono do wzor贸w na obliczenie porowato艣ci og贸lnej badanych pr贸bek. Na podstawie pr臋dko艣ci fal spr臋偶ystych, zmierzonych na pr贸bkach wyci臋tych z rdzeni w dw贸ch prostopad艂ych kierunkach, wykonano tak偶e analiz臋 anizotropii, co pozwoli艂o zidentyfikowa膰 szczeliny w skale. Analiza wynik贸w hydrogeologicznych i petrofizycznych pokaza艂a, 偶e 艂膮cz膮c ze sob膮 r贸偶norodne parametry mo偶na uzyska膰 dodatkowe informacje o w艂a艣ciwo艣ciach zbiornikowych poziom贸w wodono艣nych.The purpose of the research was to find relationship between elastic waves velocities obtained from lab measurements and parameters from hydrogeological research. Measurements were conducted on 73 rock samples originating mostly from Jurassic limestone of the Olkusz area. Additional information about the rock samples was obtained when the elastic wave velocities were compared with reservoir parameters such as porosity, permeability and density. Plots of elastic waves velocities vs. porosity and bulk density vs. porosity gave information about the range of P wave velocities from the boundary velocity to the values when porosity is equal to zero. Matrix velocity and density values were introduced into the formulas used to calculate porosity. Anisotropy analysis was made on the basis of elastic wave velocities measured on cores cut in two perpendicular directions. This allowed for identification of fractures in rocks. Results showed that by comparing various petrophysical parameters it was possible to get better information about reservoir properties of aquifers

    Application of multivariate statistical methods for characterizing heterolithic reservoirs based on wireline logs : example from the Carpathian Foredeep Basin (Middle Miocene, SE Poland)

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    Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA) were applied for well log data derived from heterolithic intervals drilled in two boreholes (Mrowla-1 and Cierpisz-2) in the Miocene fill of the Carpathian Foredeep. Both boreholes penetrated similar basement elevations conductive for structural trapping of hydrocarbons in an overlying thin-bedded heterolithic reservoir, which produces gas in commercial quantities in one borehole. The PCA was used to reduce data space preserving sufficient amounts of parameters for a differentiation between thin layers of sandstones and mudstones and between gas- and water-saturated horizons. In both boreholes, the number of logs was reduced to four significant principal components (PCs). Differences between gas-saturated and water-saturated layers were found. CA was used for the classification and grouping of data according to natural petrophysical features of the analysed rocks. The group corresponding to gas-saturated zones was found in the Cierpisz-2 borehole. It is concluded that PCA and CA can provide useful information for a more reliable identification of gas-saturated horizons

    Variability of the Rotliegend sandstones in the Polish part of the Southern Permian Basin - permeability and porosity relationships

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    The Flow Zone Index, FZI, applied to order relations between the effective porosity and permeability of the Rotliegend sandstones in the Polish part of the Southern Permian Basin turns out to be a useful and effective factor to evaluate ability of media flow in a rock formation. A dataset of over 2000 samples from 78 wells was analysed. Based only on porosity and permeability, FZI includes all non-parameterized features of rocks as tortuosity and diameters of porous channels, volume of trapped parts of capillary roads, specific surface of pore space, and others. When FZI increases, the ability of fluid to move through the porous space increases. In most cases, the Rotliegend sandstones reveal FZI in the range of 0.5-2.0. The highest FZI, ca. 100, is related to fractured part of the studied formation. The combination of FZI and facies information from several wells in the study area (over 1200 samples) showed a good correlation. On the basis of FZI we can divide a set of samples of the Rotliegend sandstone into groups of defined fluid flow abilities and relate them to facies. Also, we show the way of estimation of the reliable values of permeability in full geological log of a borehole on the basis of FZI, and the total porosity determined from well logging interpretation

    Elastic wave velocities measurements and stress-strain characteristics under triaxial compression conditions for clastic and carbonate rock samples

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    W pracy analizowano wyniki pomiar贸w laboratoryjnych wykonanych na pr贸bkach o zr贸偶nicowanej litologii. G艂贸wnym celem by艂o sprawdzenie, jak zmieniaj膮 si臋 warto艣ci pr臋dko艣ci fal spr臋偶ystych i dynamicznych modu艂贸w spr臋偶ystych w tr贸josiowym stanie napr臋偶enia. Pomiary wykonano z wykorzystaniem nowatorskiego zestawu b臋d膮cego na wyposa偶eniu Katedry Geofizyki, WGGiO艢, AGH. Zestaw pomiarowy sk艂ada si臋 z komory ci艣nieniowej, prasy hydraulicznej i d藕wigu oraz generatora fal spr臋偶ystych i specjalistycznego oprogramowania. Umo偶liwia pomiary pr臋dko艣ci fal pod艂u偶nych P i poprzecznych S wraz z pe艂n膮 charakterystyk膮 napr臋偶eniowo-odkszta艂ceniow膮 w tr贸josiowym stanie napr臋偶enia. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki pomiar贸w uzyskane dla ci艣nie艅 ok贸lnych odpowiednio dobranych dla g艂臋boko艣ci wyst臋powania oraz wieku poszczeg贸lnych pr贸bek. Pomiary wykonywano do momentu zniszczenia pr贸bki. Wykonano analiz臋 zmian pr臋dko艣ci przy stopniowym osiowym obci膮偶aniu pr贸bki. W efekcie uzyskano pr臋dko艣ci fal spr臋偶ystych oraz charakterystyki napr臋偶eniowo-odkszta艂ceniowe. Uzyskano wy偶sze warto艣ci pr臋dko艣ci fal spr臋偶ystych przy symulowanych ci艣nieniach z艂o偶owych ni偶 podczas pomiar贸w w warunkach atmosferycznych. Wyniki zestawiono z pozosta艂ymi, dost臋pnymi rezultatami bada艅 laboratoryjnych, np. porowato艣ciami wyznaczonymi z eksperyment贸w NMR i porozymetrii rt臋ciowej. R贸wnoczesne pomiary pr臋dko艣ci fal spr臋偶ystych P i S oraz charakterystyka napr臋偶eniowo-odkszta艂ceniowa przy symulowanym ci艣nieniu g贸rotworu s膮 efektywnym narz臋dziem do odtworzenia w laboratorium warunk贸w z艂o偶owych i uzyskania wiarygodnych warto艣ci dynamicznych i statycznych parametr贸w spr臋偶ystych i geomechanicznych.The results of laboratory measurements performed on samples with varied lithology were analyzed. The main objective was to see how the values of elastic wave velocity at triaxial stress conditions change. Measurements were made using the innovative equipment located at the Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology. The measuring set consists of a pressure chamber, a hydraulic press, a crane and specialized software. It enables the measurements of the velocity of longitudinal (P) and transverse (S) waves along with full stress-strain characteristics in triaxial stress conditions. The results of the measurements were obtained at reservoir pressure, suitably selected for the depth and age of the individual samples. Measurements were made until the sample was fractured. As a result, the velocity of the elastic waves and the stress-strain characteristics were obtained. A velocity analysis with simulated reservoir pressure conditions was performed, referring to the deformation characteristics of the samples. Higher velocity values were obtained at simulated reservoir pressures than during atmospheric measurements. The results were compiled with the other available laboratory results, such as porosities determined by NMR and mercury porosimetry experiments. The simultaneous measurements of P and S wave velocity and stress-strain characteristics at simulated reservoir pressure are an effective tool for reproducing reservoir conditions in laboratory conditions and obtaining reliable dynamic and static elastic and geomechanical parameters

    NMR and mercury porosimeter measurements for the selected rock samples of the West Carpathians

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    Wykonano pomiary sta艂ej relaksacji T2 na wybranych pr贸bkach ska艂 wykorzystuj膮c zjawisko magnetycznej relaksacji j膮drowej dla proton贸w obecnych w atomach wodoru wyst臋puj膮cych w ska艂ach. Przeprowadzono pomiary porozymetrem rt臋ciowym i wyznaczono krzywe kumulacyjne porowato艣ci efektywnej oraz powierzchni w艂a艣ciwej, a tak偶e rozk艂ady geometrii por贸w i rozk艂ady powierzchni w艂a艣ciwej. Wykonano analiz臋 jako艣ciow膮 wynik贸w pomiar贸w obiema metodami dla pr贸bek ska艂 karbo艅skich i dewo艅skich szukaj膮c odpowiadaj膮cych sobie anomalii. Nast臋pnie skorelowano wyniki obu metod w celu wyskalowania pomiar贸w T2 w warto艣ciach 艣rednic por贸w i rozwarto艣ciach szczelin, D. Obliczono zale偶no艣膰 korelacyjn膮 mi臋dzy T2 i D dla wszystkich pr贸bek oraz dla wapieni dewonu g贸rnego. Sprawdzono uzyskan膮 relacj臋 dla skrajnych 艣rednic w przedziale bada艅 porozymetrycznych.Measurements of the T2 relaxation time were done on selected rock samples using the effect of the nuclear magnetic relaxation for protons in hydrogen atoms. Mercury porosimeter measurements were also performed to obtain cumulative curves of effective porosity and specific pore surface as well as distributions of pore geometry and specific pore surface. Qualitative analysis of results of measurements was performed with both methods on samples of Carboniferous and Devonian rocks in order to find corresponding anomalies. Next, the results of both methods were correlated to scale the T2 measurements in values of pore diameters and fracture widths, D. The correlation equations for T2 and D were calculated for the full data set and for the Upper Devonian limestone data. The result equations were tested for the extreme values of diameter in the mercury porosimeter range

    Variability of the Rotliegend sandstones in the Polish part of the Southern Permian Basin - permeability and porosity relationships

    No full text
    The Flow Zone Index, FZI, applied to order relations between the effective porosity and permeability of the Rotliegend sandstones in the Polish part of the Southern Permian Basin turns out to be a useful and effective factor to evaluate ability of media flow in a rock formation. A dataset of over 2000 samples from 78 wells was analysed. Based only on porosity and permeability, FZI includes all non-parameterized features of rocks as tortuosity and diameters of porous channels, volume of trapped parts of capillary roads, specific surface of pore space, and others. When FZI increases, the ability of fluid to move through the porous space increases. In most cases, the Rotliegend sandstones reveal FZI in the range of 0.5-2.0. The highest FZI, ca. 100, is related to fractured part of the studied formation. The combination of FZI and facies information from several wells in the study area (over 1200 samples) showed a good correlation. On the basis of FZI we can divide a set of samples of the Rotliegend sandstone into groups of defined fluid flow abilities and relate them to facies. Also, we show the way of estimation of the reliable values of permeability in full geological log of a borehole on the basis of FZI, and the total porosity determined from well logging interpretation

    Geometric parameters of the pore space of low-porosity Cambrian sandstones determined on the basis of laboratory measurements results on core samples

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    Parametry geometryczne przestrzeni porowej ska艂 pozwalaj膮 oszacowa膰 ich zdolno艣ci filtracyjne. Wysokorozdzielcza rentgenowska tomografia komputerowa dostarcza wiele r贸偶norodnych parametr贸w ilo艣ciowych przestrzeni porowej. Niekt贸re z tych parametr贸w mog膮 by膰 skonfrontowane z wynikami bada艅 laboratoryjnych spektrometrii magnetycznego rezonansu j膮drowego (NMR) i porozymetrii rt臋ciowej (MICP), np. 艣rednia 艣rednica por贸w. Piknometria helowa, rentgenowska tomografia komputerowa, spektroskopia magnetycznego rezonansu j膮drowego i porozymetria rt臋ciowa dostarczaj膮 kluczowej informacji na temat wielko艣ci porowato艣ci. Przepuszczalno艣膰 absolutna (wyznaczona metod膮 zaniku ci艣nienia, ang. pressure-decay permeability, i impulsu, ang. pulse-decay permeability) pozwala oceni膰 zdolno艣ci filtracyjne ska艂y. Na podstawie obraz贸w tomograficznych obliczono takie parametry przestrzeni porowej jak: liczba wokseli w obiekcie, pole powierzchni obiektu, 艣rednica kuli o obj臋to艣ci r贸wnej obj臋to艣ci obiektu, maksymalna warto艣膰 grubo艣ci znaleziona w obiekcie, minimalna warto艣膰 grubo艣ci znaleziona w obiekcie, 艣rednia grubo艣膰 obiektu, odchylenie standardowe grubo艣ci, parametr okre艣laj膮cy odst臋pstwo kszta艂tu obiektu od sfery, wyd艂u偶enie obiektu, p艂asko艣膰 obiektu, parametr okre艣laj膮cy podobie艅stwo kszta艂tu obiektu do kszta艂tu sferycznego za pomoc膮 odpowiedniego stosunku obj臋to艣ci obiektu do powierzchni obiektu, charakterystyka Eulera, najkr贸tsza d艂ugo艣膰 obiektu mierzona w danym kierunku (Fereta), najd艂u偶sza d艂ugo艣膰 obiektu mierzona w danym kierunku (Fereta), maksymalna 艣rednica Fereta wyznaczona w kierunku prostopad艂ym do prostej okre艣lonej przez najd艂u偶sz膮 艣rednic臋 Fereta w obiekcie, stosunek maksymalnej d艂ugo艣ci 艣rednicy Fereta wyznaczonej w kierunku prostopad艂ym do prostej okre艣lonej przez najkr贸tsz膮 艣rednic臋 Fereta do d艂ugo艣ci najkr贸tszej 艣rednicy Fereta, wsp贸艂czynnik kszta艂tu (ShapeVa3D), moment bezw艂adno艣ci wok贸艂 najkr贸tszej osi g艂贸wnej, moment bezw艂adno艣ci wok贸艂 艣redniej osi g艂贸wnej, moment bezw艂adno艣ci wok贸艂 najd艂u偶szej osi g艂贸wnej. Dokonano interpretacji liczby por贸w i mikroszczelin w ka偶dej analizowanej pr贸bce poprzez analiz臋 liczby obiekt贸w w danej klasie obj臋to艣ci. Obrazy tomograficzne by艂y interpretowane jako艣ciowo i ilo艣ciowo przy wykorzystaniu programu poROSE (poROus materials examination SoftwarE), kt贸ry jest wynikiem prac badawczych prowadzonych wsp贸lnie przez o艣rodki naukowe i przemys艂owe na materia艂ach porowatych. Analizie poddano warto艣ci porowato艣ci (ca艂kowitej i efektywnej), 艣rednic por贸w (艣rednice Fereta, parametr grubo艣ci obiektu), parametr贸w okre艣laj膮cych kszta艂t por贸w (np. wyd艂u偶enie, sferyczno艣膰, sp艂aszczenie) oraz stosowanych we wzorze Kozeny鈥檈go鈥揅armana (np. wewn臋trzna powierzchnia w艂a艣ciwa por贸w na jednostk臋 obj臋to艣ci por贸w). Przedstawiono wyniki analiz dla pr贸bek zwi臋z艂ych piaskowc贸w kambryjskich, b臋d膮cych potencjalnie ska艂ami zbiornikowymi gazu zamkni臋tego (ang. tight gas). Pr贸bki z rdzeni wiertniczych pochodz膮 z jednego otworu wiertniczego, z tej samej g艂臋boko艣ci poboru rdzenia.Geometric parameters of the rock pore space allow estimating their filtration abilities. High-resolution X-ray computed tomography (CT) provides a great amount of geometric parameters of the pore space. Some of these parameters may be confronted with laboratory measurements of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and mercury porosimetry (MICP), e.g. average pore diameter. Helium pycnometry, CT, NMR and MICP provide key information on the porosity. Absolute permeability allows to assess the filtration abilities of the rock. The following pore space parameters for the object were calculated on the basis of tomo- graphic images: number of voxels, surface area, diameter of the sphere equal to the volume of the object, maximum thickness, minimum thickness, average thickness, standard deviation of thickness, parameter defining the deviation of the shape of the object from the sphere, elongation, flatness, parameter determines the similarity of the shape of the object to the spherical shape using the appropriate ratio of the object鈥檚 volume to the object鈥檚 surface, Euler number, the shortest and the longest length measured in a given direction (Feret), maximum Feret diameter determined in the direction perpendicular to the line defined by the longest Feret diameter in the object, ratio of the maximum length of the Feret diameter, attached in a direction perpendicular to the line defined by the shortest Feret diameter up to the shortest Feret diameter, shape coefficient (ShapeVa3D), moment of inertia around the shortest, mean and the longest major axis. The number of pores and microfractures in each of the analyzed samples were interpreted by analyzing the number of objects in a given volume class. The tomographic images were interpreted using the poROSE software (poROus materials examination SoftwarE), which is the result of research carried out jointly by scientific and industrial centers on porous materials. The analysis covered the values of porosity, pore diameters (Feret, thickness), parameters determining pore shape (e.g. elongation, sphericity, flatness) and used in the Kozeny鈥揅armana formula (e.g. internal pore surface per pore volume). The results of analyzes for tight Cambrian sandstones samples, potentially the tight gas reservoir rocks, are presented. Samples from cores come from one well, with the same probing depth

    Technical note. The concept of a computer system for interpretation of tight rocks using X-ray computed tomography results

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    The article presents the concept of a computer system for interpreting unconventional oil and gas deposits with the use of X-ray computed tomography results. The functional principles of the solution proposed are presented in the article. The main goal is to design a product which is a complex and useful tool in a form of a specialist computer software for qualitative and quantitative interpretation of images obtained from X-ray computed tomography. It is devoted to the issues of prospecting and identification of unconventional hydrocarbon deposits. The article focuses on the idea of X-ray computed tomography use as a basis for the analysis of tight rocks, considering especially functional principles of the system, which will be developed by the authors. The functional principles include the issues of graphical visualization of rock structure, qualitative and quantitative interpretation of model for visualizing rock samples, interpretation and a description of the parameters within realizing the module of quantitative interpretation
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