Distribution of diagnosis in eyes with and without peripapillary retinal splitting (schisis).

<p>Distribution of diagnosis in eyes with and without peripapillary retinal splitting (schisis).</p

78 year old male with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) with peripapillary retinoschisis.

<p>(1A) Optic nerve photograph shows glaucomatous optic neuropathy (1B) There is mild visual field damage with a mean deviation of -2.19 dB. (1C, 1D and 1E) Three horizontal OCT raster scans through three different sections of the optic nerve demonstrating peripapillary retinal splitting (retinoschisis) with adherent vitreous in the region of retinoschisis (yellow arrow), splitting in the nerve fiber layer (yellow star), and inner plexiform layer (white star) and outer plexiform layer with a likely outer nuclear layer component as well (white arrows). (1F) Circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness map shows retinoschisis nasally within the RNFL segmentation (yellow star), causing a small area of artifactual thickening on the RNFL thickness profile.</p

67 year old male with advanced POAG, with peripapillary retinochisis.

<p>(2A) Optic nerve photograph shows glaucomatous optic neuropathy. (2B) There is advanced visual field damage, with a mean deviation of -19.65 dB. (2C) OCT demonstrates peripapillary retinoschisis in the outer nuclear layer and outer plexiform layer (C; white arrows) on two horizontal raster scans through the optic nerve. (2D) Circumpapillary RNFL thickness map shows retinoschisis nasally.</p

Clinical characteristics of the eleven eyes of seven patients with peripapillary retinal splitting (schisis).

<p>Clinical characteristics of the eleven eyes of seven patients with peripapillary retinal splitting (schisis).</p

Not Available

Not AvailableLong-term fertilizer experiments were conducted on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) for 21 years with eight fertilizer treatments in a fixed site during 1987–2007 to identify an efficient treatment to ensure maximum yield, greater sustainability, monetary returns, rainwater-use efficiency, and soil fertility over years. The results indicated that the yield was significantly influenced by fertilizer treatments in all years except 1987 1988, and 1994. The mean cotton yield ranged from 492 kg ha−1 under the control to 805 kg ha−1 under 25 kg nitrogen (N) [farmyard manure (FYM)] + 25 kg N (urea) + 25 kg phosphorus (P) ha−1. Among the nutrients, soil N buildup was observed with all treatments, whereas application of 25 kg N + 12.5 kg P ha−1 exhibited increase in P status. Interestingly, depletion of potassium (K) was recorded under all the fertilizer treatments as there was no K application in any of the treatments. An increase in soil N and P increased the plant N and P uptake respectively. Using relationships of different variables, principal component (PC) analysis technique was used for assessing the efficiency of treatments. In all the treatments, five PCs were found significant that explained the variability in the data of variables. The PC model of 25 kg N (FYM) +25 kg N (urea) + 25 kg P ha−1 explained maximum variability of 79.6% compared to other treatments. The treatment-wise PC scores were determined and used in developing yield prediction models and measurement of sustainability yield index (SYI). The SYI ranged from 44.4% in control to 72.7% in 25 kg N (FYM) + 25 kg N (urea) + 25 kg P ha−1, which attained a mean cotton yield of 805 kg ha−1 over years. Application of 25 kg N (FYM) + 25 kg N (urea) + 25 kg P ha−1 was significantly superior in recording maximum rainwater-use efficiency (1.13 kg ha−1 mm−1) and SYI (30.5%).This treatment also gave maximum gross returns of Rs. 30272 ha−1 with benefit–costratio of 1.60 and maintained maximum organic carbon and available N, P, and K in soil over years. These findings are extendable to cotton grown under similar soil and agroclimatic conditions in any part of the world.Not Availabl

A Geometrical Approach to a New Unified Field Theory

To identify the risk factors for development of peripapillary retinal splitting (schisis) in patients with glaucoma or suspicion of glaucoma.Glaucoma Clinic, Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.In this institutional cross-sectional study, 495 patients (990 eyes) who had undergone spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT Spectralis HRA-OCT, Heidelberg Engineering) optic nerve head (ONH) imaging and did not have identifiable optic nerve pits, pseudopits or coloboma were included. OCT scans were reviewed by two observers.Presence of peripapillary retinal splitting identified on OCT raster scans.Eleven of 990 glaucoma and glaucoma suspect eyes (1.1%) of 7 patients (2 females, 5 males, mean age 64.5 ± 9.2 years) had peripapillary retinal splitting. Two of these 11 eyes had extension of the splitting into the macula but none to the fovea. Of these 11 patients, 2 (28.6%) were glaucoma suspects, 3 (42.9%) had primary open-angle glaucoma, 1 (14.3%) had chronic angle-closure glaucoma and 1 (14.3%) had pigmentary glaucoma. 7/11 (63.6%) eyes had vitreous traction to the disc visualized on OCT and 6/11 eyes (54.5%) had beta-zone peripapillary atrophy.We observed peripapillary retinal splitting in 1.1% of a series of 990 glaucoma and glaucoma-suspect eyes. Evidence of adherent vitreous with traction and peripapillary atrophy was found in a majority of the involved eyes. A comparison to an age and axial length matched cohort is required to determine if this is a condition that is associated with glaucoma