The Effect of Concentration and Temperature on Stability of Meropenem Solution Administered by Extended Infusion

บทคัดย่อ วัตถุประสงค์: เพื่อประเมินความคงตัวทางเคมีของยา Meronem® (meropenem trihydrate) ตามความเข้มข้นที่ใช้โดยทั่วไป ใน 3 อุณหภูมิ ณ เวลาต่าง ๆ วิธีการศึกษา: นำผลิตภัณฑ์ยา Meronem® ชนิดฉีด  (บริษัท Astra Zeneca) ละละลายด้วย 0.9% sodium chloride  ใน PVC bags จนได้สารละลายความเข้มข้น 10 และ 20 มิลลิกรัม/มิลลิลิตร เก็บสารละลายดังกล่าวในตู้ควบคุมอุณหภูมิที่ 25, 30 และ 35 องศาเซลเซียส จากนั้นเก็บตัวอย่างสารละลายมาวิเคราะห์ปริมาณด้วยวิธี HPLC ที่เวลา 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 และ 12 ชั่วโมง แล้วพิจารณาความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างความคงตัวของยากับอุณหภูมิและความเข้มข้นที่เปลี่ยนแปลงไป โดยใช้เกณฑ์ความคงตัวที่ 90% ของตัวยาที่เหลือ ผลการศึกษา: สารละลายยาฉีด Meronem® ความเข้มข้น 10 มิลลิกรัม/มิลลิลิตร มีความคงตัวเป็นระยะเวลา 8 ชั่วโมงที่อุณหภูมิ 25 องศาเซลเซียส แต่พบว่าความคงตัวดังกล่าวลดลงเมื่ออุณหภูมิเพิ่มสูงขึ้น (4 ชั่วโมงที่ 30 องศาเซลเซียส และ 1 ชั่วโมงที่ 35 องศาเซลเซียส) ส่วนกรณีความเข้มข้น 20 มิลลิกรัม/มิลลิลิตรพบว่ายายังคงตัวที่ < 8, 3 และ < 1 ชั่วโมงที่อุณหภูมิ 25, 30 และ 35 องศาเซลเซียส ตามลำดับ สรุป: ความคงตัวของผลิตภัณฑ์ยา Meronem® ชนิดฉีดขึ้นกับอุณหภูมิและความเข้มข้น การเพิ่มอุณหภูมิและความเข้มข้นของยาที่สูงขึ้นจะทำให้ความคงตัวของยาลดต่ำลง ดังนั้นอุณหภูมิและความเข้มข้นของยาที่เหมาะสมจึงมีความสำคัญในกรณีที่ต้องการหยดยาแบบยืดระยะเวลา (extended infusion) คำสำคัญ: ความคงตัว, มีโรพีเนม, การหยดยาแบบยืดระยะเวลา, อุณหภูมิ, ความเข้มข้น Abstract Objective: To evaluate chemical stability of Meronem® (meropenem trihydrate) in two commonly used concentrations when stored in 3 temperatures over time. Methods: Meronem® injection (Astra Zeneca) was used to prepare 10 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL of meropenem in 0.9% sodium chloride solution. The final solutions in PVC bags were stored at 25, 30, and 35 °C. The solutions were determined for concentration at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 12 hours by means of HPLC analysis. The associations between drug stability, temperature and concentration were determined. Stability was set with a cut-off of 90%. Results: Meronem® 10 mg/mL solutions was stable for up to 8 hours at 25°C. Its stability was lower at higher temperatures, specifically, 4 hours at 30 °C and 1 hour at 35 °C. For 20 mg/mL solutions, the solution was stable in < 8, 3 and < 1 hours at 25, 30 and 35 °C, respectively. Conclusion: The stability of Meronem® injection solution was affected by temperature and concentration where high temperature and concentration resulted in less stability. Suitable temperature and drug concentration should be concerned when this drug is given by extended infusion. Keywords: stability, meropenem, extended infusion, temperature, concentratio

THE STABILITY OF GENERIC MEROPENEM IN TROPICAL COUNTRIES

Objective: To evaluate the stability of two brands of generic meropenem at high ambient temperatures and various concentrations in solution.Methods: Generic meropenem brand A and brand B vials were used to prepare 10 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL solutions in PVC bags. The prepared solutions were incubated at 25, 30 and 35 °C. Three mL of each solution were with drawn at 0, 4, 8 and 12 hours and subjected to HPLC analysis.Results: Generic meropenem (Brand A) as a 10 mg/mL solution was stable for up to 10 hours at 25°C, 5 hours at 30°C and 4.5 hours at 35°C. A. 20 mg/mL solution was stable for 6 hours at 25°C, 5 hours at 30°C and 3 hours at 35°C. Generic meropenem (Brand B) as a 10 mg/mL solution was stable for up to 9 hours at 25°C, 5 hours at 30°C and 3 hours at 35°C. A. 20 mg/mL solution was stable for 5 hours at 25°C,10 hours at 30°C and 5 hours at 35°C.Conclusion: The stability of the generic meropenem solutions was affected by temperature and concentration. Higher the temperatures and higher the drug concentrations, show lower the stability of generic meropenem.Â

Non-Prescription Medicine Mobile Healthcare Application: Smartphone-Based Software Design and Development Review

The challenge of this research is to answer the question of what the real need of users regarding the development of a smartphone-based software for healthcare application. This study aimed to develop the non-prescription drugs mobile health application (NMMHA) to support users in the initial medication. The application has been released to evaluate tested its usability and acceptance. To ensure the NMMHA is going to perform well, a survey has been conducted to collect data about the opinions of two groups of responders (pharmacists and general people). An attitude test and statistical analysis have also been accomplished for both groups to determine the differentiation between the two groups. The impressive results indicate that the group of general peoples tend to use the application more than the group of pharmacists, whereas the overall attitude test results of the two groups are not different.

Pharmacy Assistant Mobile Application (PAMA): Development and Reviews

Nowadays, pharmaceutical mobile applications are widely used. Several features and functionality play an important role to support the real needs of users especially in primary medication. Users’ behaviors in the modern world have changed where users may prefer to access drug information using search engines via the Internet rather than consulting with professionals like pharmacists, doctors or experts. However, the drug information that users retrieve from the internet sources may provide inaccurate, incomplete or unreliable information.The questions are: can we decrease this phenomenon? Suppose that we are applying an application to a content provider, which application functionalities are suitable for users and support their real needs? Can the application encourage users to gather drug information via the application instead of searching via the internet sites? The proposed study aimed to develop a Pharmacy Assistant Mobile Application (PAMA) based on necessarily required features and functionalities which are designed and operate on the iOS operation system. The application performance has been tested and measured regarding the graphic user interface and the system acceptance level.The experimental results have been reviewed and an issue has been found which needs to be considered as an important factor when developing a healthcare mobile application for the real uses

Type 2 Diabetes Mobile Application for Supporting for Clinical Treatment: Case Development Report

As clinical treatments for type-2 diabetes patients using mobile application on smartphones have become more widely practiced, the technology has enabled patients to easily control and monitor their blood sugar levels themselves. Although, the technology development provides more options to improve type-2 diabetes treatment, not all applications developed are suitable for the real treatment as there might be different situations and treatments for different cases.Research questions occurred while attempting to develop a diabetes mobile application as a supportive learning and self-monitoring tool. These research questions are the followings: How are patients enabled to use the diabetes mobile application effectively? And what are necessary functions of the mobile application for diabetes? The objective of this research are (1) to analysis, design, and development of a type-2 diabetes mobile application (T2DM) (2) to test the application.The method starts with collecting users’ requirements from diabetes experts, type-2 diabetes patients and their relatives for using the type-2 diabetes literacy-learning tool. Five qualified diabetes experts and five pairs of diabetes patients with their relatives were investigated for gathering users’ requirements that lead to necessary functions for the development. After the T2DM is completely developed, 18 medical staffs and 20 diabetes patients and patient relatives tested the T2DM by using the application.Conclusion: When designing the more effective T2DM, developing of necessary functions by users’ involvement ensures that requirements were analyzed and tested. It has been found that the nutrition function is the most significant piece of information for the T2DM, and also the key point of the development. At the same time, the functions for blood sugar recording and information sending are the most supportive and helpful functions for users

Type 2 Diabetes Mobile Application for Supporting for Clinical Treatment: Case Development Report

As clinical treatments for type-2 diabetes patients using mobile application on smartphones have become more widely practiced, the technology has enabled patients to easily control and monitor their blood sugar levels themselves. Although, the technology development provides more options to improve type-2 diabetes treatment, not all applications developed are suitable for the real treatment as there might be different situations and treatments for different cases.Research questions occurred while attempting to develop a diabetes mobile application as a supportive learning and self-monitoring tool. These research questions are the followings: How are patients enabled to use the diabetes mobile application effectively? And what are necessary functions of the mobile application for diabetes? The objective of this research are (1) to analysis, design, and development of a type-2 diabetes mobile application (T2DM) (2) to test the application.The method starts with collecting users’ requirements from diabetes experts, type-2 diabetes patients and their relatives for using the type-2 diabetes literacy-learning tool. Five qualified diabetes experts and five pairs of diabetes patients with their relatives were investigated for gathering users’ requirements that lead to necessary functions for the development. After the T2DM is completely developed, 18 medical staffs and 20 diabetes patients and patient relatives tested the T2DM by using the application.Conclusion: When designing the more effective T2DM, developing of necessary functions by users’ involvement ensures that requirements were analyzed and tested. It has been found that the nutrition function is the most significant piece of information for the T2DM, and also the key point of the development. At the same time, the functions for blood sugar recording and information sending are the most supportive and helpful functions for users.</p