Effect of curcumin, piperine and their co-administration on mitochondrial enzyme complex I and II activities.

<p>Values are expressed as mean <i>±</i> SEM. For statistical significance, ^a<i>P<</i>0.05 as compared to sham group; ^b<i>P<</i>0.05 as compared to OBX control;^c<i>P<</i>0.05 as compared to OBX+C1; ^d<i>P<</i>0.05 as compared to OBX+C2; ^e<i>P<</i>0.05 as compared to OBX+P (One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test). OBX, Olfactory Bulbectomy; C1, curcumin (100 mg/kg); C2, curcumin (200 mg/kg); C3, curcumin (400 mg/kg); P, piperine (20 mg/kg); I, imipramine (10 mg/kg).</p

Representative photomicrographs of cerebral cortex (A) and hippocampal CA1 region (B) of rat brain sections.

<p>Sections were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin. Black arrows indicate neuroinflammation along with apoptotic cells 1: sham control: neurons are intact 2: OBX control: mild-moderate infiltration of inflammatory cells with large number of apoptotic cells 3: treated with curcumin (200 mg/kg): slight inflammation of neurons with less apoptotic cells 4: treated with curcumin (200 mg/kg) +piperine (20 mg/kg): neurons are preserved. (HE stain×250).</p

Effect of curcumin, piperine and their combination on open field performance task.

<p>Values are expressed as mean ± SEM. For statistical significance,</p>a<p>P<0.05 as compared to sham group;</p>b<p>P<0.05 as compared to OBX control;</p>c<p>P<0.05 as compared to OBX+C1;</p>d<p>P<0.05 as compared to OBX+C2;</p>e<p>P<0.05 as compared to OBX+P (One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test). OBX, Olfactory Bulbectomy; C1, curcumin (100 mg/kg); C2, curcumin (200 mg/kg); C3, curcumin (400 mg/kg); P, piperine (20 mg/kg); I, imipramine (10 mg/kg).</p

Effects of curcumin, piperine and their combination on sucrose preference test (SPT).

<p>Values are expressed as mean <i>±</i> SEM. For statistical significance, ^a<i>P</i><0.05 as compared to sham group; ^b<i>P</i><0.05 as compared to OBX control;^c<i>P<</i>0.05 as compared to OBX+C1; ^d<i>P<</i>0.05 as compared to OBX+C2; ^e<i>P<</i>0.05 as compared to OBX+P (One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test). OBX, Olfactory Bulbectomy; C1, curcumin (100 mg/kg); C2, curcumin (200 mg/kg); C3, curcumin (400 mg/kg); P, piperine (20 mg/kg); I, imipramine (10 mg/kg).</p

Effect of curcumin, piperine and their co-administration on lipid peroxidation (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), nitrite concentration and catalase enzymes levels.

<p>Values are expressed as mean ± SEM. For statistical significance,</p>a<p>P<0.05 as compared to sham group;</p>b<p>P<0.05 as compared to OBX control;</p>c<p>P<0.05 as compared to OBX+C1;</p>d<p>P<0.05 as compared to OBX+C2;</p>e<p>P<0.05 as compared to OBX+P (One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test). OBX, Olfactory Bulbectomy; C1, curcumin (100 mg/kg); C2, curcumin (200 mg/kg); C3, curcumin (400 mg/kg); P, piperine (20 mg/kg); I, imipramine (10 mg/kg).</p

Effect of curcumin, piperine and their co-administration on caspase 3 activity.

<p>Values are expressed as mean <i>±</i> SEM. For statistical significance, ^a<i>P<</i>0.05 as compared to sham group; ^b<i>P<</i>0.05 as compared to OBX control;^c<i>P<</i>0.05 as compared to OBX+C1; ^d<i>P<</i>0.05 as compared to OBX+C2; ^e<i>P<</i>0.05 as compared to OBX+P (One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test). OBX, Olfactory Bulbectomy; C1, curcumin (100 mg/kg); C2, curcumin (200 mg/kg); C3, curcumin (400 mg/kg); P, piperine (20 mg/kg); I, imipramine (10 mg/kg).</p

Effect of curcumin, piperine and their co-administration on mitochondrial enzyme complex III and IV activities.

<p>Values are expressed as mean <i>±</i> SEM. For statistical significance, ^a<i>P<</i>0.05 as compared to sham group; ^b<i>P<</i>0.05 as compared to OBX control;^c<i>P<</i>0.05 as compared to OBX+C1; ^d<i>P<</i>0.05 as compared to OBX+C2; ^e<i>P<</i>0.05 as compared to OBX+P (One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test). OBX, Olfactory Bulbectomy; C1, curcumin (100 mg/kg); C2, curcumin (200 mg/kg); C3, curcumin (400 mg/kg); P, piperine (20 mg/kg); I, imipramine (10 mg/kg).</p

Experimental protocol design for olfactory bulbectomy experimental model.

<p>Experimental protocol design for olfactory bulbectomy experimental model.</p

Effect of curcumin, piperine and their co-administration on immobility period.

<p>Values are expressed as mean <i>±</i> SEM. For statistical significance, ^a<i>P<</i>0.05 as compared to sham group; ^b<i>P<</i>0.05 as compared to OBX control;^c<i>P<</i>0.05 as compared to OBX+C1; ^d<i>P<</i>0.05 as compared to OBX+C2; ^e<i>P<</i>0.05 as compared to OBX+P (One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test). OBX, Olfactory Bulbectomy; C1, curcumin (100 mg/kg); C2, curcumin (200 mg/kg); C3, curcumin (400 mg/kg); P, piperine (20 mg/kg); I, imipramine (10 mg/kg).</p

Effect of curcumin, piperine and their co-administration on TNF- α activity.

<p>Values are expressed as mean <i>±</i> SEM. For statistical significance, ^a<i>P<</i>0.05 as compared to sham group; ^b<i>P<</i>0.05 as compared to OBX control;^c<i>P<</i>0.05 as compared to OBX+C1; ^d<i>P<</i>0.05 as compared to OBX+C2; ^e<i>P<</i>0.05 as compared to OBX+P (One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test). OBX, Olfactory Bulbectomy; C1, curcumin (100 mg/kg); C2, curcumin (200 mg/kg); C3, curcumin (400 mg/kg); P, piperine (20 mg/kg); I, imipramine (10 mg/kg).</p