Estimating the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding with data from household surveys : measurement issues and options

The importance of breastfeeding for infant and maternal health is well established. The World Health Organization recommends that all infants be exclusively breastfed until they reach 6 months of age. The standard indicator to measure adherence to this criterion is the percentage of children aged 0–5 months who are currently being exclusively breastfed. This paper proposes supplementary measures that are easily calculated with existing survey data. First, for an accurate assessment of the WHO recommendation, we estimate the percentage of infants who are being exclusively breastfed at the exact age of 6 months. Second, an adjustment is proposed for prelacteal feeding. These two modifications, separately and in combination, are applied to data from 31 low-and middle-income countries that have participated in the Demographic and Health Surveys Program since 2015. There is considerable variation in the effects across countries. The modifications use existing data to provide a more accurate estimate than the standard indicator of the achievement of the exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months recommendation

La formación de la familia y la frecuencia con que se dan diversas relaciones de parentesco

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Fertility in Pakistan during the 1970s

A survey conducted in 1975, as part of the World Fertility Survey programme, provided evidence that fertility began to decline in Pakistan during the early 1970s. Because of the low level of contraceptive use recorded in that survey, the fertility decline was attributed to delayed marriage. However, a second and similar survey conducted approximately 5 years later showed almost exactly the same pattern of very recent decline, and indeed a reduction in contraceptive use. The two surveys disagreed for the period of overlap. It is concluded that there were essentially no changes in fertility during the decade, and that it remained at pre-1970 levels

Fertility in Pakistan during the 1970s

A survey conducted in 1975, as part of the World Fertility Survey programme, provided evidence that fertility began to decline in Pakistan during the early 1970s. Because of the low level of contraceptive use recorded in that survey, the fertility decline was attributed to delayed marriage. However, a second and similar survey conducted approximately 5 years later showed almost exactly the same pattern of very recent decline, and indeed a reduction in contraceptive use. The two surveys disagreed for the period of overlap. It is concluded that there were essentially no changes in fertility during the decade, and that it remained at pre-1970 levels

Efectos de las clínicas de planificación familiar en el uso de anticonceptivos en las zonas rurales de Bio-Bío, Chile: un análisis multiniveles

Incluye BibliografíaEl estudio analiza la forma en que los consultorios de planificación de la familia y el contexto social influyen en las decisiones relativas al uso de anticonceptivos. Para estimar los efectos contextuales en la elección de anticonceptivos que efectúan las mujeres que viven en la segunda región más grande de Chile, se utilizó un modelo estadístico multiniveles. Los datos se recolectaron mediante un análisis de situación que comprendió un inventario de los servicios disponibles en 49 policlínicos rurales. La calidad de la atención médica fue medida observando 245 interacciones entre los proveedores de servicios y las pacientes. Se realizó una encuesta de salida a diez pacientes que habían sido atendidas en cada consultorio, con un total de 490 pacientes