The molecular diagnosis of house dust mite allergy: a short review

Introduction: House dust mite (HDM) allergens are considered among the most essential elicitors of allergic rhinitis and asthma worldwide [1]. How can we determine the individual sensitization profile of a patient? Is there a way to monitor the development of allergic symptoms? Is it possible to tailor different forms of therapy based on the individual sensitization profile of a patient? Purpose: The study aims to show the benefits of molecular diagnostics of allergies based on the example of HDM allergy. Description of the state of knowledge: Clinical manifestation is the most important aspect of diagnosing HDM allergy. The determination of allergen specific immunoglobulins E (asIgE) against HDM extracts may be helpful in the identification of the cause of allergy symptoms. However, the diagnosis using allergen extracts cannot be established in all cases. What revolutionised the diagnosing process of HDM allergy is the molecular diagnostics of allergy. Based on the presence of asIgE against allergen molecules it is possible to identify the allergen responsible for the sensitisation as well as personalise the therapeutic recommendations.  Summary: The molecular diagnostics of allergy significantly improved the specificity and sensitivity of HDM allergy diagnostics. Molecular diagnostics in individuals with HDM allergy make it possible to establish the individual patient’s allergy profile, and consequently personalise therapeutic recommendations. It is especially important regarding the selection of patients who may benefit from immunotherapy. The component-resolved diagnostics in allergology is a step toward personalised medicine

A new insight into diagnosis and management of hen egg allergy

Introduction: A chicken egg is a popular dietary component all over the world. An allergy to this nourishment is more often related to egg white than to yolk, and its first symptoms often appear even before the first year of life. Aim of the study: The aim of the study is to present the benefits of molecular diagnostics of allergy in chicken egg allergy.Description of the state of knowledge: To diagnose an allergy to egg proteins, skin prick tests or the determination of antigen-specific immunoglobulins E are used. However, the most verifying test of a reaction to food is a double-blind challenge.The most allergenic proteins in a chicken egg are ovomucoid (Gal d 1), ovalbumin (Gal d 2), ovotransferrin (Gal d 3), A-livetin (Gal d 5) and lysozyme (Gal d 4). Among the aforementioned proteins, ovomucoid and ovalbumin are the main allergens and the most common causes of egg allergy. It is worth noting that thermal treatment reduces the allergenic potential of ovalbumin, as opposed to ovomucoid. This means that in patients allergic to ovalbumin, a raw egg may cause an allergic reaction, while an egg, e.g. baked egg, should not cause symptoms of hypersensitivity.Summary:​​ Based on molecular diagnostics, it is possible to identify allergenic molecules of a chicken egg, such as ovomucoid, ovalbumin or ovotransferrin. This allows for better control of symptoms of hypersensitivity in patients with egg allergy. Egg yolk is a good source of amino acids and fats. Therefore, thanks to molecular diagnostics of allergy, it is possible to verify the validity of an elimination diet or to create a diet based on heat-treated eggs

An innovative approach for better understanding of milk allergy

Introduction: Cow’s milk and its products are popular components of the diet all over the world. Proteins contained in it, such as casein (Bos d 8), α-lactalbumin (Bos d 4), β-lactoglobulin (Bos d 5) and bovine serum albumin (Bos d 6, BSA), can cause troublesome symptoms. Among the proteins mentioned, casein is the most frequent cause of all milk allergies. It is worth mentioning that it is a protein that does not change its properties after thermal and enzymatic treatment. Therefore, casein allergic patients must avoid dairy products in even trace amounts. Aim of the study: The aim of the study is to present the benefits of molecular diagnostics of allergy in cow’s milk allergy. Description of the state of knowledge: In order to diagnose milk allergy, a medical examination should take place with a clinician who will determine the further steps of diagnosis based on the medical interview. For a complete allergy analysis, molecular diagnostics tests can be used to determine which protein the patient is sensitised to. Such an individual patient’s allergy profile is helpful in developing an appropriate diet. Summary: Molecular diagnosis in cow's milk allergy allows to estimate the risk of severe reactions after contact with a specific allergen. On its basis, it is also possible to predict the result of a cow's milk allergen provocation test. By using molecular diagnosis of allergy, it is possible to manage better and control cow's milk allergy in patients. &nbsp