Growth and development of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens (L.), Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae grown on carbohydrate, protein, and fruit-based waste substrates

There has been a surge in interest in using food waste (FW) as an insect-rearing substrate in recent years. We examine the effect of protein-based food waste (leftover boneless chicken, LBC), carbohydrate-based food waste (overnight rice, OR), and fruit-based food waste (rotten banana, RB) on the following parameters: substrate reduction (SR), waste reduction index (WRI), bioconversion rate (BCR) and relative growth rate (RGR). BSFL reared on OR feed substrate had the highest biomass (0.23±0.01) g at d9 followed by RB (0.22±0.00) g and LBC (0.16±0.00) g. Larvae from OR-fed BSFL were the longest, averaging 20.53±0.46 mm in length on d12. The SR calculated for all feed substrates were as followed: RB (95.35 ± 0.33)% > OR (85.29 ± 0.80)% > LBC (83.17 ± 0.27)%. The WRI for control (C) and BSFL-fed on all feeds were in the following manner: (RBC:8.90±0.00 g days-1, RBBSFL:9.53±0.00 g days-1) > (ORC:7.35±0.00 g days-1, ORBSFL:8.53±0.09 g days-1) > (LBCC:6.90±0.00 g days-1, LBCBSFL: 8.32±0.03 g days-1). OR-fed BSFL showed the highest BCR (76.0±1.0) % and RGR (0.32±0.01) days-1. The FW’s self-composting (as in control) influenced the BSFL’s SR and WRI in all diets. Overall, the BSFL’s growth and development are affected by the nature, quality, and type of diet of the feed substrates

Evaluating the growth and development of black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens (L.) (DIPTERA: STRATIOMYIDAE) larvae reared on different agricultural waste materials

The black soldier fly (BSL), Hermetia illucens (L.), is a beneficial insect that helps manage high concentrations of animal manure and other biosolids in tropical and warm-temperate areas. Bioremediation with black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) can turn biosolids into high-value biomass (proteins, oils, lipids, and chitin). This study explored the effects of three agricultural wastes as feedstocks for the growth and development of BSFL. A total of 1000 7-day-old BSFLs were reared separately in containers containing either palm kernel extract (PKE), soybean waste (SW), or coconut milk waste (CMW). The effect of feeding substrate on larval growth and development was determined for ten days by daily measurements of the BSFL’s length and weight. BSFL reared on PKE substrate resulted in the highest mean length (22.67±2.31 mm) and weight growth (0.27±0.02 g), followed by BSFL reared on SW (length: 18.67±1.53 mm; weight: 0.20±0.02 g) and CMW (length: 18.33±0.58mm; weight: 0.15±0.01 g). Bioconversion rate of BSFL was also found to differ across treatments; BSFL reared on PKE grows and converts substrates twice as fast as those fed on SW or CMW. This work then examines the effects of several SW:PKE ratios (20:80; 80:20; 30:70; 70:30 and 50:50) on BSFL growth. The weight (0.28±0.04 g) and length (22.67±2.52 mm) of BSFL were highest when SW:PKE ratio of 80:20 is used. High content of SW resulted in a significant increase in BSFL length (6.76%-15.25%) and weight (23.54%-64.71%). Therefore, it can be concluded that substrate feed type has a substantial effect on BSFL’s growth and development

Kekangan Pinjaman dan Kesannya ke atas Pengumpulan Modal Manusia: Satu Analisis Empirik

Hasil kajian lepas menunjukkan bahawa kekangan pinjaman meningkatkan tabungan agregat dan oleh itu, boleh meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Namun begitu, kajian ini mendapati halangan meminjam boleh mengurangkan proses pengumpulan modal manusia dan dengan ini boleh mengekang pertumbuhan ekonomi. Dengan menggunakan data Malaysia,hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa apabila kekangan pinjaman meningkat, individu akan kurang melabur dalam pendidikan dun seterusnya modal manusia merosot.