Prácticas de liderazgo en las MiPyMES del municipio Luvianos México, 2018

The objective of the present investigation is to identify the leadership of the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MIPYMES) managers that are dedicated to the commerce in the municipality of Luvianos, (Mexico) during the year 2018, through the Inventory of the Practices of Leadership (IPL). The sample was of 184 companies, the applied methodology is descriptive and transactional, the IPL was applied through a Likert scale. The different businesses are dedicated to trade, the most predominant are: grocery stores, pharmacies, misceláneas, clothing stores, shoe stores, veterinary, hardware stores, retailers, candy stores, recauderías, craft stores, stationers, there are no large self-service companies At the general level of IPL 63 people are at a low leadership level, 64 medium and 57 high. This indicates to the companies in the retail trade sector, which must work in the training of both managers and employees to achieve the objectives. Schooling, position level is related to the leadership instrument in terms of challenging the processes and giving encouragement to the heart, the managers, owners and managers innovate processes to improve the administration of the MIPYMES, having an adequate attention with the followers, in addition to recognize their work before others. Currently it can be seen that in the organizations the women are in charge, the stereotype that one had, that only men should be the leaders in an organization is being left aside. Nowadays, managers, owners and heads of organizations must study business leadership, to face globalization, uncertainty, national and international competitiveness, as well as different economic and political conditions.El objetivo de la presente investigación es identificar el liderazgo de los gerentes de las Micro, Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas (MIPYMES) que se dedican al comercio en el municipio de Luvianos, (México) durante el año 2018, mediante el Inventario de las Prácticas de Liderazgo (IPL). La muestra fue de 184 empresas, la metodología aplicada es de carácter descriptivo y transaccional, el IPL se aplicó a través de una escala de Likert. Los distintos negocios se dedican al comercio, lo más predominante son: tiendas de abarrotes, farmacias, misceláneas, tiendas de ropa, zapaterías, veterinarias, ferreterías, refaccionarias, dulcerías, recauderías, tiendas de manualidades, papelerías, no existen empresas de autoservicios grandes A nivel general de IPL 63 personas se encuentran en un nivel del liderazgo bajo, 64 medio y 57 alto. Lo cual indica a las empresas en sector comercio al por menor, mayor que deberán trabajar en la capacitación tanto de gerentes, como empleados para lograr los objetivos. La escolaridad, nivel de puesto se relaciona con el instrumento de liderazgo en cuanto a desafiar los procesos y dar aliento al corazón, los gerentes, dueños y encargados innovan procesos para mejorar la administración de las MIPYMES, teniendo una adecuada atención con los seguidores, además de reconocer su labor ante los demás. Actualmente se puede observar que en las organizaciones las encargadas son las mujeres, se está dejando a un lado el estereotipo que se tenía, de que sólo los hombres debían de ser los jefes en una organización. Hoy en día los gerentes, dueños y jefes de las organizaciones deben de estudiar el liderazgo empresarial, para hacer frente a la globalización, incertidumbre, competitividad nacional e internacional, así como diferentes condiciones económicas y políticas

Effects of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery: an international prospective cohort study an international prospective cohort study

We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care. We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care

Erratum to: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition) (Autophagy, 12, 1, 1-222, 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356

non present