Kutu Putih Singkong, Phenacoccus Manihoti Matile-ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae): Persebaran Geografi Di Pulau Jawa Dan Rintisan Pengendalian Hayati

Cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae): Geographic distribution in Java and initiation of biological control. Cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Psedococcidae), is a recently introduced pest in Indonesia. Parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was imported to control the pest. Studies were conducted to determine geographic distribution of P. manihoti throughout Java, and to evaluate the potential of the parasitoid as a biological control agent. Geographic distribution of the pest was determined through field survey, whereas evaluation of the parasitoid was studied through cage experiment and field release. Our survey revealed that the cassava mealybug has spread throughout Java. Heavy infestations caused shortened and distorted stems, complete defoliation, and stunted growth. In cages containing only mealybugs, all cassava plants (100%) died after two months. Whereas in cages containing both mealybugs and three pairs of parasitoid, rate of parasitization was 25% and plant mortality 20%. Parasitoids released in the field were able to survive, reproduce, and establish under Bogor climatic condition. These might indicate that parasitoid A. lopezi is a potential natural enemy to be used in biological control program of the cassava mealybug

Laju Enkapsulasi Parasitoid Anagyrus Lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) oleh Kutu Putih Singkong Phenacoccus Manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) didatangkan ke Indonesia pada awal tahun 2014 untuk mengendalikan kutu putih singkong, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Penelitian bertujuan mempelajari laju enkapsulasi parasitoid A. lopezi oleh berbagai instar P. manihoti. Pengamatan laju enkapsulasi dilakukan dengan memaparkan seekor parasitoid betina yang telah kawin pada kutu putih nimfa-1, -2, -3, dan imago didalam tabung mika selama 24 jam. Kutu putih kemudian dibedah dan diamati banyaknya telur parasitoid yang diletakkan serta yang terenkapsulasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan laju enkapsulasi agregat paling tinggi dilakukan oleh imago, yaitu 8,4%, diikuti oleh nimfa-3 (5,8%), nimfa-2 (3,1%), dan nimfa-1 (1,1%). Laju enkapsulasi efektif oleh imago 2,0%, sedangkan oleh nimfa sekitar 1,0%. Laju enkapsulasi yang rendah ini diyakini tidak akan mengurangi keefektifan parasitoid A. lopezi dalam pengendalian hayati kutu putih singkong P. manihoti di Indonesia

Keanekaragaman Hymenoptera Parasitika Pada Tipe Ekosistem Berbeda Di Bangka Tengah, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung

Diversity of parasitic Hymenoptera in different ecosystem types in Central Bangka, Bangka-Belitung Islands.Hymenoptera richness is dominated by parasitic species. More than 80% of Hymenoptera play a role as parasitoid on arthropods that are mostly insects. Diversity of parasitic Hymenoptera is widely studied in various types of terrestrial ecosystems including agro-ecosystem and non-agro-ecosystem. This study aimed to invent and compare the diversity of parasitic Hymenoptera in three different ecosystems, i.e., forest, oil palm plantation, and ex-tin mining. The location was located in Central Bangka Regency, Bangka Island. The study was conducted in Juli 2014 until October 2015. Parasitic Hymenoptera was collected with insect sweep net and yellow pan trap on one transect line with 1000 m length. Parasitic Hymenoptera were found on forest as much as 732 morphospecies, 326 morphospecies on oil palm plantations, and 293 morphospecies on ex-tin mining. Diversity and abundance of parasitic Hymenoptera on forest was higher than oil palm plantation and ex-tin mining area. Braconidae family was found dominant on forest, however on oil palm plantation and extin mining area the dominant family was Scelionidae

Keanekaragaman Hymenoptera Parasitoid Pada Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit PTPN VIII Cindali, Bogor

Diversity of parasitic Hymenoptera in PTPN VIII oil palm plantation Cindali, Bogor. One group of important natural enemies in oil palm plantation is parasitic Hymenoptera. The purpose of this research is to know the diversity and fluctuation of parasitic Hymenoptera PTPN VIII Cindali oil palm plantation. This research was conducted in 6 blocks of oil palm in September 2014 – June 2015. There were 5 plots in every observation blocks 39.2 x 39.2 m in size, and used direct and indirect method. Direct method done by 5 plants in every plots was taken randomized to observed and taken the herbivore insects to reared until the parasitic Hymenoptera came out. Observation of cover crops conducted by 3 subplots determined diagonally in every plots 9.8 x 9.8 m in size and herbivore insects was observed and collected. Indirect methods used sweep net and yellow pan trap. The result of this research, 26 parasitic Hymenoptera families was found, with the Braconidae was the most morphospecies found and the most individual amount was Scelionidae. The abundance of parasitoid in every month fluctuated

Tingkat Pemangsaan Neoseiulus Longispinosus Evans (Acari : Phytoseiidae) Terhadap Tetranychus Urticae Koch Dan Tetranychus Kanzawai Kishida (Acari: Tetranychidae) Serta Perilaku Kanibalismenya

Tetranychus urticae Koch and Tetranycus kanzawai Kishida are important pests of various crops of economicall importance in Indonesia. Acaricide ussually used to control these mites. One of the alternative control methods is the use of phytoseiid predatory mites. Most of the phytoseiid mites that are used as biological control agents are exotic mites. For that reasons, it is necessary to study indegenous predatory mites that has the potential to be developed as biological control, such as N. longispinosus. The objective of this study was to determine the predation capacities of N. longispinosus on two red spider mites of T. urticae and T. kanzawai and the effect of predator densities to predator cannibalistic behavior. N. longispinosus were supplied with eggs and adults of T. urticae and T. kanzawai to determine the predation capacities. N. longispinosus were also supplied low number of T. kanzawai eggs as the prey at several predator densities to see its cannibalistic behavior. The results showed that the number of eggs of T. urticae dan T. kanzawai consumed by deutonymphs and adult females of N. longispinosus was higher than the adult female of T. urticae dan T. kanzawai. The number of eggs of T. urticae dan T. kanzawai consumed by adult female N. longispinosus was higher than by the deutonymphs. The number of eggs laid by adult females of N. longispinosus when feed on eggs of T. urticae and T. kanzawai was higher than those feed on adult female. Deutonymph and female adult stage of N. longispinosus showed cannibalistic behavior at several predator densities in low number of prey

Pengaruh Keberadaan Habitat Alami terhadap Keanekaragaman dan Kelimpahan Serangga Pengunjung Bunga Mentimun

Keberadaan serangga pada suatu habitat pertanian dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor salah satunya adalah habitat alami. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari pengaruh jarak habitat alami terhadap keanekaragaman dan kelimpahan serangga pengunjung bunga pada pertanaman mentimun. Penelitian dilakukan di lahan mentimun pada 12 lokasi yang terletak di Kabupaten Bogor, Cianjur, dan Sukabumi, Jawa Barat. Jarak habitat alami dengan lahan pertanian dikategorikan dalam dua kelompok, yaitu dekat dengan habitat alami (kurang dari 200 m) dan jauh dari habitat alami (lebih dari 1000 m). Pengamatan serangga pengunjung bunga mentimun dilakukan dengan cara menghitung jumlah serangga pengunjung bunga mentimun yang hinggap pada 100 unit bunga yang dilakukan pada empat transek berbeda. Penghitungan jumlah serangga pengunjung bunga dilakukan pada empat waktu yang berbeda dan pada hari yang berbeda. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan jarak habitat alami dengan lahan pertanian berpengaruh terhadap keanekaragaman spesies serangga pengunjung bunga, tetapi tidak berpengaruh terhadap kelimpahannya. Spesies serangga pengunjung bunga dominan yang ditemukan di pertanaman mentimun adalah Aphis sp., Tapinoma sp., dan Thrips parvispinus Karny, sedangkan serangga penyerbuk dominan yang ditemukan adalah Apis cerana Fabricius. Jarak habitat alami dari lahan pertanian berpengaruh terhadap keberadaan serangga pengunjung bunga khususnya serangga penyerbuk yang memiliki peran penting dalam meningkatkan hasil pertanian

Does Landscape Complexity and Semi-Natural Habitat Structure Affect Diversity of Flower-Visiting Insects in Cucumber Fields?

Presence of insects in agricultural habitat is affected by the surrounding circumstances such as the complexity and structure of landscape. Landscape structure is often formed as a consequence of the fragmentation of semi-natural habitat, which can negatively affect species richness and abundance of insects. This study was aimed to study the effect of complexity and structure of landscape on the diversity, abundance and traits of flower-visiting insects in cucumber fields. This study was conducted in cucumber fields surrounded by other agricultural crops, shrubs, semi-natural habitat and housing area, in Bogor, Cianjur and Sukabumi regencies, West Java, Indonesia. In a total of 16 agricultural areas, complexity and parameter of landscape especially class area (CA), number of patches (NumP), mean patch size (MPS), total edge (TE), and mean shape index (MSI) of seminatural habitats were measured. Sampling of flower-visiting insects was conducted using scan sampling methods. The result showed that landscape complexity affected species richness (but not abundance and trait) of flower-visiting insects both for mobile and less-mobile insects. Flower-visiting insects also responded differently to landscape structure. Species richness, abundance and variation of body size of mobile insects were affected by structure of semi-natural habitat

Komunitas Lepidoptera Dan Parasitoidnya Pada Pertanaman Mentimun Di Bogor, Sukabumi Dan Cianjur, Jawa Barat

Lepidopteran community and its parasitoid on cucumber field in Bogor, Sukabumi and Cianjur District, West Java. Cucumber is one of horticultural commodities that are widely cultivated in Indonesia, but information related to Lepidoptera pests and their parasitoids are limited. The aim of this study was to obtain information about Lepidopteran community on cucumber and their parasitoid diversity. Lepidopteran larvae were collected from 16 cucumber sites in the District of Bogor, Sukabumi and Cianjur in November 2014 until May 2015. Larvae were collected from each cucumber plant follow along 60 m transects. Larvae were collected from the field then brought to the laboratory. All larvae were then reared on cucumber leaves until pupation and parasitoids emerged. The data obtained were tested by analysis of the mean and analysis of variance (One way ANOVA) using the program R Stat. The results showed that cucumber plants were attacked by six species (morphospecies) belonging to four families of Lepidoptera. Diaphania indica (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is the most abundant species found. All species (morphospecies) of Lepidoptera are more common when the cucumber plants are in the generative growth stage. Our result further showed that D. indica was attacked by 9 parasitoid larvae and 3 parasitoid pupae, C. chalcites (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by 5 parasitoids dan S. litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by 2 parasitoids. A braconid, Apanteles taragamae, is the most common parasitoid of D. indica found in the field. Its parasitism rate can reach 27% in the field. Overall, this research revealed that a number of parasitoids, that were found attacking Lepidopteran on cucumber indicates their potential use as biological control agents in this agroecosystems

Serangan Arthroschista Hilaralis Walk. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) pada Tegakan Jabon (Neolamarckia Cadamba [Roxb.] Bosser) di Sumatera Selatan

Serangan hama merupakan masalah utama yang dihadapi dalam budi daya jabon (Neolamarckia cadamba [Roxb.] Bosser) di Indonesia khususnya di Sumatera Selatan. Arthroschista hilaralis Walk. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) merupakan salah satu hama penting yang menyerang tanaman jabon. Informasi mengenai tingkat serangan A. hilaralis pada tegakan jabon diperlukan sebagai bahan pertimbangan pengelolaan A. hilaralis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengkaji insidensi dan intensitas serangan A. hilaralis yang menyerang tegakan jabon umur 2 dan 4 tahun selama 2 musim pengamatan, serta mengkaji pengaruh faktor cuaca (suhu dan kelembaban udara) terhadap serangan A. hilaralis. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada 6 lokasi yang terletak pada beberapa daerah di Sumatera Selatan. Pada setiap lokasi penelitian ditentukan 3 plot masing-masing seluas 0,03 ha dan berisi 20 tanaman jabon. Pengamatan insidensi dan intensitas serangan A. hilaralis dilakukan sebulan sekali selama 16 bulan yang mewakili 2 kategori waktu pengamatan, yaitu musim hujan dan musim kemarau. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa serangan A. hilaralis paling tinggi terjadi pada tegakan jabon umur 2 tahun dan pada musim hujan dengan insidensi dan intensitas serangan masing-masing sebesar 74,45% dan 55,21%. Faktor cuaca (suhu dan kelembaban udara) berpengaruh terhadap tingkat serangan A. hilaralis. Suhu udara berkorelasi negatif terhadap insidensi (r = -0,629; p = 0,009) dan intensitas serangan A. hilaralis (r = -0,546; p = 0,029), sedangkan kelembaban udara berkorelasi positif terhadap insidensi (r = 0,900; p < 0,0001) dan intensitas serangan A. hilaralis (r = 0,768; p = 0,0005)