EIE: Efficient Inference Engine on Compressed Deep Neural Network

State-of-the-art deep neural networks (DNNs) have hundreds of millions of connections and are both computationally and memory intensive, making them difficult to deploy on embedded systems with limited hardware resources and power budgets. While custom hardware helps the computation, fetching weights from DRAM is two orders of magnitude more expensive than ALU operations, and dominates the required power. Previously proposed 'Deep Compression' makes it possible to fit large DNNs (AlexNet and VGGNet) fully in on-chip SRAM. This compression is achieved by pruning the redundant connections and having multiple connections share the same weight. We propose an energy efficient inference engine (EIE) that performs inference on this compressed network model and accelerates the resulting sparse matrix-vector multiplication with weight sharing. Going from DRAM to SRAM gives EIE 120x energy saving; Exploiting sparsity saves 10x; Weight sharing gives 8x; Skipping zero activations from ReLU saves another 3x. Evaluated on nine DNN benchmarks, EIE is 189x and 13x faster when compared to CPU and GPU implementations of the same DNN without compression. EIE has a processing power of 102GOPS/s working directly on a compressed network, corresponding to 3TOPS/s on an uncompressed network, and processes FC layers of AlexNet at 1.88x10^4 frames/sec with a power dissipation of only 600mW. It is 24,000x and 3,400x more energy efficient than a CPU and GPU respectively. Compared with DaDianNao, EIE has 2.9x, 19x and 3x better throughput, energy efficiency and area efficiency.Comment: External Links: TheNextPlatform: http://goo.gl/f7qX0L ; O'Reilly: https://goo.gl/Id1HNT ; Hacker News: https://goo.gl/KM72SV ; Embedded-vision: http://goo.gl/joQNg8 ; Talk at NVIDIA GTC'16: http://goo.gl/6wJYvn ; Talk at Embedded Vision Summit: https://goo.gl/7abFNe ; Talk at Stanford University: https://goo.gl/6lwuer. Published as a conference paper in ISCA 201

1-[(2S)-1-Chloro-3-phenyl­propan-2-yl]-2,4,5-triphenyl-1H-imidazole

In the title compound, C30H25ClN2, the chiral center maintains the S configuration of the stating l-phenyl­alaninol. The two phenyl groups closest to the substituted N atom adopt an almost perpendicular orientation relative to the central imidazole ring, with dihedral angles of 88.9 (4) and 84.7 (3)°. The third phenyl group is nearly coplanar with it, making a dihedral angle of 11.0 (5)°

Emodin enhances osteogenesis and inhibits adipogenesis

BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that the formation of osteoblasts in bone marrow is closely associated with adipogenesis, and the balance between osteogenesis and adipogenesis differentiation of MSCs (mesenchymal stem cells) is disrupted in osteoporosis. In order to improve the treatment of osteoporosis, available agents with roles of regulating the balance is highly desirable. Emodin is a natural anthraquinone derivative extracted from Chinese herbs, which have been used to treat bone diseases for thousands of years. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of emodin in modulating osteogenesis and adipogenesis remain poorly understood. METHODS: The molecular mechanisms of emodin on the processes of osteogenesis and adipogenesis in ovariectomized mouse and BMSCs (bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells) have been studied. We have analyzed the effects of emodin in vivo and in vitro. Female ICR mice were assigned to three groups: sham group, ovariectomy group, emodin group. Efficacy was evaluated by H&E, immunohistochemical assay and Micro-CT. In vitro, we analyze the effect of emodin—at concentrations between 0.1 μM and 10 μM-on the processes of inducing osteogenesis and inhibiting adipogenesis in BMSCs by ALP, Oil red O staining, real time RT-PCR and western blot. RESULTS: As our experiment shows that emodin could increase the number of osteoblast, BMD (bone mineral density), BV/TV (trabecular bone volume fraction), Tb.N (trabecular number) and Conn.D (connectivity density) of OVX (ovariectomized) mice and decrease the bone marrow fat tissue and adipocytes. The genes and proteins expression of osteogenesis markers, such as Runx2, osterix, collagen type I, osteocalcin, or ALP were up-regulated. While, the genes and proteins involved in adipogenesis, PPARγ, C/EBPα and ap2 were down-regulated. CONCLUSION: It proves that emodin inhibits adipocyte differentiation and enhances osteoblast differentiation from BMSCs

2-(4,5-Diphenyl-2-p-tolyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-3-phenyl­propan-1-ol

In the title compound, C31H28N2O, the dihedral angles formed by the imidazole ring with the three aryl substituents are 18.52 (8) and 85.56 (7) and 85.57 (7)°, respectively. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by O—H⋯N and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into chains parallel to the a axis

Clinicopathologic features of sporadic inclusion body myositis in China

This study is to investigate the clinical and pathologic features of sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM) in China. We retrospectively evaluated the clinical and pathological features of consecutive patients in our department between January 1986 to May 2012. Total 28 cases of sIBM (20 males, 8 females, mean age was 56.93±8.79) were obtained by review of all 4099 muscle biopsy reports. The proportion of sIBM was 0.68% (28/4099) in China. Muscle weakness of quadriceps appeared 100% in 28 cases, while conspicuous atrophy of quadriceps appeared only in five cases (17.86%). Creatase values of 28 patients with sIBM were normal or mildly elevated. Muscle biopsies showed that atrophic fibers resembled more frequent in small angular and irregular shape (82.14%), less common in small round shape (17.86%). Rimmed vacuoles resembled crack (67.86%) and round (32.14%) shape. Mononuclear cell invasion into necrotic muscle fibers (35.71%) was more frequent than non-necrotic muscle fibers (7.14%). sIBM was still a rare disease in China compared to other countries. There were some certain specific pathological characteristics existed in Chinese sIBM patients