Pyrolysis procesing of waste peanuts crisps

Wastes are the most frequent "by-product" of human society. The Czech Republic still has a considerable room for energy reduction and material intensiveness of production in connection with the application of scientific and technical expertise in the context of innovation cycles. Pyrolysis waste treatment is a promising alternative to the production of renewable hydrogen as a clean fuel. It can also reduce the environmental burden and the amount of waste in the environment at the same time. This paper presents the laboratory pyrolysis experiments of peanuts crisps waste to the final temperature of 800 °C. After the pyrolysis process of the selected waste a mass balance of the resulting products, off-line analysis of the pyrolysis gas and evaluation of solid residue in terms of adsorption properties and energy production and liquid products were carried out. The highest concentration of measured hydrogen (66 vol. %) was analysed during the 4th gas sampling at the temperature varying from 750 to 800 °C

Application of pyrolysis process in processing of mixed food wastes

The food industry produces large amounts of solid and also liquid wastes. Different waste materials and their mixtures were pyrolysed in the laboratory pyrolysis unit to a final temperature of 800°C with a 10 minute delay at the final temperature. After the pyrolysis process of the selected wastes a mass balance of the resulting products, off-line analysis of the pyrolysis gas and evaluation of solid and liquid products were carried out. The highest concentration of methane, hydrogen and carbon monoxide were analyzed during the 4th gas sampling at a temperature of approx. 720–780°C. The concentration of hydrogen was measured in the range from 22 to 40 vol.%. The resulting iodine numbers of samples CHFO, DS, DSFW reach values that indicate the possibility of using them to produce the so-called “disposable sorbents” in wastewater treatment. The WC condensate can be directed to further processing and upgrading for energy use.Web of Science181231

Characterization of tar deposits, extraction and sorption properties

The main goal of this paper was to characterize and find a useful solution for the decomposition of tar deposits. For the experimental part, tar deposits, formed by polymerization and condensation reactions, were chosen from a storage tank for tars. At first the initial analyses of tar deposits (elemental, thermogravimetric, and calorimetric analyses) were performed. After the characterization, the tar deposits were extracted in the Soxhlet extractor by acetone, toluene, and quinolone and activated with potassium hydroxide. As the final step of this work, the sorption characterization on the 3Flex Surface Characterization Analyzer (Micromeritics) was performed. The specific surface area of the samples was evaluated using two methods – a single point measurement at p/p0=0.2 and BET method. Micropore and external surface areas were calculated based on a t-plot analysis (carbon black model)

Standardised Benchmarking in the Quest for Orthologs

The identification of evolutionarily related genes across different species—orthologs in particular—forms the backbone of many comparative, evolutionary, and functional genomic analyses. Achieving high accuracy in orthology inference is thus essential. Yet the true evolutionary history of genes, required to ascertain orthology, is generally unknown. Furthermore, orthologs are used for very different applications across different phyla, with different requirements in terms of the precision-recall trade-off. As a result, assessing the performance of orthology inference methods remains difficult for both users and method developers. Here, we present a community effort to establish standards in orthology benchmarking and facilitate orthology benchmarking through an automated web-based service (http://orthology.benchmarkservice.org). Using this new service, we characterise the performance of 15 well-established orthology inference methods and resources on a battery of 20 different benchmarks. Standardised benchmarking provides a way for users to identify the most effective methods for the problem at hand, sets a minimal requirement for new tools and resources, and guides the development of more accurate orthology inference methods

Pyrolysis Processing of Waste Peanuts Crisps

Wastes are the most frequent "by-product" of human society. The Czech Republic still has a considerable room for energy reduction and material intensiveness of production in connection with the application of scientific and technical expertise in the context of innovation cycles. Pyrolysis waste treatment is a promising alternative to the production of renewable hydrogen as a clean fuel. It can also reduce the environmental burden and the amount of waste in the environment at the same time

Characterization of Tar Deposits, Extraction and Sorption Properties

The main goal of this paper was to characterize and find a useful solution for the decomposition of tar deposits. For the experimental part, tar deposits, formed by polymerization and condensation reactions, were chosen from a storage tank for tars. At first the initial analyses of tar deposits (elemental, thermogravimetric, and calorimetric analyses) were performed. After the characterization, the tar deposits were extracted in the Soxhlet extractor by acetone, toluene, and quinolone and activated with potassium hydroxide. As the final step of this work, the sorption characterization on the 3Flex Surface Characterization Analyzer (Micromeritics) was performed. The specific surface area of the samples was evaluated using two methods - a single point measurement at p/p0=0.2 and BET method. Micropore and external surface areas were calculated based on a t-plot analysis (carbon black model)

Influence of potassium hydroxide and method of carbonization treatment in garden and corn waste microwave pyrolysis

After initial selection, the samples of garden and corn waste were activated by potassium hydroxide and processed by microwave pyrolysis using both single-step and double-step methods. Experiments were carried out in a self-made microwave reactor for 20 min at the power of 440 W. The distribution and quality of the resulting products were evaluated. The gaseous components were analysed discontinuously by gas chromatography. The concentration of measured hydrogen (activated corn waste 54.4 vol %, non-activated corn waste 18.8 vol %) was strongly influenced by activation and material selection. The char with a heating value of 33.3 MJ kg(-1) suggested the direction of its further use as fuel. Optimum conditions of sorbents production from garden waste material with a surface area of 530m(2) g(-1) with regard to the influence of the activation were determined.Web of Science118454

Preparation and characterization of sorbents from food waste

Waste coffee was treated by pyrolysis in the conventional laboratory apparatus at 800 degrees C. Afterwards, a mass balance of the final yields, gas chromatographic analysis and assessment of solid and liquid residues were done. The selected waste material was also subjected to microwave pyrolysis in terms of adsorbents preparation. The solid residues were further activated with potassium hydroxide. Final characterization of prepared sorbents was made by sorption of nitrogen at 77 K. Activated sorbents had much better sorption properties. The surface area according to Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) theory of activated material (from conventional pyrolysis) was measured 1794 m(2).g (-1).Web of Science6329328

Torrefaction of biomass pellets using the thermogravimetric analyser

Greater heating values, greater energy density and improved physical properties such as shape stability, homogeneity and hydrophobic behaviour are advantages of torrefied biomass. All this leads to an overall reduction in transport costs, storage capacity and to lower requirements for factory equipment. The properties of the different types of biomass used before and after torrefaction and the effect of torrefaction at the different process conditions were studied. For the laboratory tests of torrefaction, wood and grass waste biomass were used. For these selected materials, a number of measurements were performed to verify the most suitable torrefaction conditions (heating temperature and retention time). Experiments were carried out on a small scale on TGA 701 (LECO). Waste biomass was heated to a final temperature of 200, 225, 250, 275 and 300 degrees C with a retention time at these temperatures of 10, 20 and 45 min. The heating rate was set up to 15 degrees C min(-1). The determination of the appropriate temperature depended on the optimum ratio between mass loss and higher heating values (in case of grassy material from 200 to 225 degrees C and for woody material at 250 degrees C). From the results we can state that it is possible to do fast and exact test in TGA before the torrefaction process on the pilot unit to shorten the whole process.Web of Scienc

Hydrogen production from microwave catalytic pyrolysis of spruce sawdust

The production of energy from wood biomass is as old as humanity itself. In the last 20 years there has been enormous progress in research of torrefaction, pyrolysis and mainly gasification of biomass. Products from conventional pyrolysis of biomass are gas known as pyrolysis gas, a liquid condensate known as bio-oil and char named bio-char. Most of the articles dealing with convectional pyrolysis of biomass are focused on the production of bio-oil. Only some works deal with the possibility of producing high-quality syngas (H-2 + CO) or hydrogen itself. For this purpose, the technology of microwave pyrolysis could be suitable. Microwaves can generate microplasma and hot spots, which promote heterogeneous catalytic reactions and produce a greater concentration of hydrogen in the resulting gas than convectional pyrolysis. In this work, an experimental study of spruce sawdust microwave pyrolysis was performed in the presence of catalysts to maximize the yield of hydrogen or syngas. Experiments were carried out in a microwave reactor with a power of 400 W. As catalysts char from sawdust, or sawdust char-doped with metal ions (Ni, Co, Fe) were used. Ions of metals were used to increase the yield of hydrogen (e.g. Nickel is widely used in the catalytic cracking of methane). The influence of the catalyst on the quantity of products (gas, liquid and solid) was studied, as well as the amount of hydrogen generated in the pyrolysis gas, or the amount of waste water in the liquid condensate.Web of Science12417917