The EDS1–PAD4–ADR1 node mediates Arabidopsis pattern-triggered immunity

Plants deploy cell-surface and intracellular leucine rich-repeat domain (LRR) immune receptors to detect pathogens1. LRR receptor kinases and LRR receptor proteins at the plasma membrane recognize microorganism-derived molecules to elicit pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), whereas nucleotide-binding LRR proteins detect microbial effectors inside cells to confer effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Although PTI and ETI are initiated in different host cell compartments, they rely on the transcriptional activation of similar sets of genes2, suggesting pathway convergence upstream of nuclear events. Here we report that PTI triggered by the Arabidopsis LRR receptor protein RLP23 requires signalling-competent dimers of the lipase-like proteins EDS1 and PAD4, and of ADR1 family helper nucleotide-binding LRRs, which are all components of ETI. The cell-surface LRR receptor kinase SOBIR1 links RLP23 with EDS1, PAD4 and ADR1 proteins, suggesting the formation of supramolecular complexes containing PTI receptors and transducers at the inner side of the plasma membrane. We detected similar evolutionary patterns in LRR receptor protein and nucleotide-binding LRR genes across Arabidopsis accessions; overall higher levels of variation in LRR receptor proteins than in LRR receptor kinases are consistent with distinct roles of these two receptor families in plant immunity. We propose that the EDS1–PAD4–ADR1 node is a convergence point for defence signalling cascades, activated by both surface-resident and intracellular LRR receptors, in conferring pathogen immunity

La Correspondencia de España : diario universal de noticias: Año XVIII Número 2459 - 1865 febrero 7

A herd of purebred Angus and Simmental cows is maintained near the SDSU campus that is used for teaching. research and extension activities. Cattle maintained at this unit are made available for Introductory Animal Science. meats, animal breeding. beef production. and livestock evaluation courses. Current research under the direction of Dr. Herley Miller is reported in another paper in this publication. Besides use in the classroom. cattle are used for the annual SDSU Little International. field days and numerous 4-H and FFA and other educational events. In addition to providing research information and an opportunity for education, we hope this herd can provide a stimulus for interaction between students and faculty with a common interest and an avenue for communication between faculty and producers in the region