Fermentation and Lactic Acid Addition Enhance Iron Bioavailability of Maize

Maize is one of the most important cereal crops for human consumption, yet it is of concern due to its low iron bioavailability. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of processing on iron bioavailability in common maize products and elucidate better processing techniques for enhancing iron bioavailability. Maize products were processed to represent different processing techniques: heating (porridge), fermentation (ogi), nixtamalization (tortillas), and decortication (arepas). Iron and phytate contents were evaluated. Iron bioavailability was assessed using the Caco-2 cell model. Phytate content of maize products was significantly reduced by decortication (25.6%, p ) 0.003) and nixtamalization (15%, p ) 0.03), and iron content was reduced by decortication (29.1%, p ) 0.002). The relative bioavailability (RBA, compared to 100% bioavailability of porridge with FeSO4) of ogi was significantly higher than that of other products when fortified with FeSO4 (p \u3c 0.001) or reduced iron (p \u3c 0.001). Addition of lactic acid (6 mg/g of maize) significantly increased iron solubility and increased bioavailability by about 2-fold (p \u3c 0.01), especially in tortillas. The consumer panel results showed that lactic acid addition does not significantly affect the organoleptic characteristics of tortillas and arepas (p ) 0.166 and 0.831, respectively). The results suggest that fermentation, or the addition of small amounts of lactic acid to unfermented maize products, may significantly improve iron bioavailability. Lactic acid addition may be more feasible than the addition of highly bioavailable but expensive fortificants. This approach may be a novel means to increase the iron bioavailability of maize products to reduce the incidence of iron deficiency anemia

Reflections on an edTPA Experience: A Disappointing, Anticlimactic Conclusion

Implemented as a high-stakes Teacher Performance Assessment, in my opinion, edTPA holds great promise for evaluating novice teachers’ readiness. However, in its current stage, this pre-service assessment is better in theory than practice. I do not want this paper to evolve into a ranting diatribe against edTPA, rather, I hope my insight will shed some light on how we can collectively move forward with sound strategies that best support our teachers and students in the field we all love: education

Reflections from Supervision Amid a Pandemic

Nearly overnight, we found ourselves adapting to a new normal: constantly worrying about loved ones, balancing life-at-home, and teaching and learning in “Brady Bunch” boxes. At first, I must admit, it was alarming. We all thought it: If cameras and videos are off, are the students even there? And more importantly, are students learning?

La réforme de l’homme moderne et l’inadaptation de la République de Weimar : étude des cités d’habitations de Weissenhof et de Römerstadt

Le mémoire suivant compare les cités d’habitations de Weissenhof à Stuttgart et de Römerstadt à Francfort-sur-le-Main. Toutes deux projets pilotes du mouvement moderne et de l’École Bauhaus, ces cités démontrent le lien entre le passé traumatique de l’Allemagne wilhelmienne et l’utopie démocratique de la République de Weimar. L’équipe de Ludwig Mies van der Rohe et la brigade d’Ernst May tentent de réformer la famille ouvrière allemande à partir de l’espace qu’elle habite, c’est-à-dire le logement. S’élabore donc une nouvelle grammaire architecturale qui détonne dans le paysage urbain allemand. Cette réforme s’intéresse au remaniement de l’espace privé ; la pièce a un rôle exclusif, comme ses locataires. Par extension, la femme est alors au-devant des changements avec la systématisation scientifique de son travail. L’architecture moderne vacille sans cesse entre un laisser-aller et un contrôle calculé des corps par l’espace qu’ils occupent. Mies et May n’ont pas su adapter les logements qu’ils offraient aux besoins des ouvriers auxquels ils s’adressaient. Réfractaires aux changements, les Allemands ont d’abord rejeté les deux projets alors qu’en Amérique du Nord, le style est déjà enseigné dans les écoles d’architecture. Lentement mais sûrement, les cités d’habitations sont apprivoisées par les générations suivantes. De Frédéric le Grand à aujourd’hui, elles font parties du paysage architectural allemand et certaines d’entre-elles, comme Weissenhof et Römerstadt sont inscrites à l’UNESCO

What are the Marital Problems of Happy Couples? A Multimethod, Two‐Sample Investigation

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/162758/2/famp12483.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/162758/1/famp12483_am.pd

HLA Alleles Associated with Delayed Progression to AIDS Contribute Strongly to the Initial CD8(+) T Cell Response against HIV-1

BACKGROUND: Very little is known about the immunodominance patterns of HIV-1-specific T cell responses during primary HIV-1 infection and the reasons for human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) modulation of disease progression. METHODS AND FINDINGS: In a cohort of 104 individuals with primary HIV-1 infection, we demonstrate that a subset of CD8(+) T cell epitopes within HIV-1 are consistently targeted early after infection, while other epitopes subsequently targeted through the same HLA class I alleles are rarely recognized. Certain HLA alleles consistently contributed more than others to the total virus-specific CD8(+) T cell response during primary infection, and also reduced the absolute magnitude of responses restricted by other alleles if coexpressed in the same individual, consistent with immunodomination. Furthermore, individual HLA class I alleles that have been associated with slower HIV-1 disease progression contributed strongly to the total HIV-1-specific CD8(+) T cell response during primary infection. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate consistent immunodominance patterns of HIV-1-specific CD8(+) T cell responses during primary infection and provide a mechanistic explanation for the protective effect of specific HLA class I alleles on HIV-1 disease progression

Sexual and reproductive health and human rights of women living with HIV

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138378/1/jia20834-sup-0001.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138378/2/jia20834.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138378/3/jia20834-sup-0002.pd