Reduced Receivers for Faster-than-Nyquist Signaling and General Linear Channels

Fast and reliable data transmission together with high bandwidth efficiency are important design aspects in a modern digital communication system. Many different approaches exist but in this thesis bandwidth efficiency is obtained by increasing the data transmission rate with the faster-than-Nyquist (FTN) framework while keeping a fixed power spectral density (PSD). In FTN consecutive information carrying symbols can overlap in time and in that way introduce a controlled amount of intentional intersymbol interference (ISI). This technique was introduced already in 1975 by Mazo and has since then been extended in many directions. Since the ISI stemming from practical FTN signaling can be of significant duration, optimum detection with traditional methods is often prohibitively complex, and alternative equalization methods with acceptable complexity-performance tradeoffs are needed. The key objective of this thesis is therefore to design reduced-complexity receivers for FTN and general linear channels that achieve optimal or near-optimal performance. Although the performance of a detector can be measured by several means, this thesis is restricted to bit error rate (BER) and mutual information results. FTN signaling is applied in two ways: As a separate uncoded narrowband communication system or in a coded scenario consisting of a convolutional encoder, interleaver and the inner ISI mechanism in serial concatenation. Turbo equalization where soft information in the form of log likelihood ratios (LLRs) is exchanged between the equalizer and the decoder is a commonly used decoding technique for coded FTN signals. The first part of the thesis considers receivers and arising stability problems when working within the white noise constraint. New M-BCJR algorithms for turbo equalization are proposed and compared to reduced-trellis VA and BCJR benchmarks based on an offset label idea. By adding a third low-complexity M-BCJR recursion, LLR quality is improved for practical values of M. M here measures the reduced number of BCJR computations for each data symbol. An improvement of the minimum phase conversion that sharpens the focus of the ISI model energy is proposed. When combined with a delayed and slightly mismatched receiver, the decoding allows a smaller M without significant loss in BER. The second part analyzes the effect of the internal metric calculations on the performance of Forney- and Ungerboeck-based reduced-complexity equalizers of the M-algorithm type for both ISI and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels. Even though the final output of a full-complexity equalizer is identical for both models, the internal metric calculations are in general different. Hence, suboptimum methods need not produce the same final output. Additionally, new models working in between the two extremes are proposed and evaluated. Note that the choice of observation model does not impact the detection complexity as the underlying algorithm is unaltered. The last part of the thesis is devoted to a different complexity reducing approach. Optimal channel shortening detectors for linear channels are optimized from an information theoretical perspective. The achievable information rates of the shortened models as well as closed form expressions for all components of the optimal detector of the class are derived. The framework used in this thesis is more general than what has been previously used within the area

Serbia tras las elecciones: se busca presidente

¿Cuál es la posible lectura de las dos consultas electorales celebradas en Serbia?; ¿cuáles son las implicaciones de la anulación de los comicios para la puesta en práctica del histórico acuerdo firmado entre Serbia y Montenegro el 14 de marzo del presente año?; ¿qué significan las elecciones serbias para el conjunto de los Balcanes? Una lectura positiva de los comicios nos permite afirmar que pese la existencia de casi 250 partidos políticos, se han perfilado tres bloques políticos. Su creación se ha ido modelando poco a poco desde la primera crisis de la coalición gobernante, causada por la extradición de Milosevic a La Haya

AUTORSKA PRAVA U SAJBER PROSTORU

Development of informational technologies and Internet, caused increase of different forms of intellectual property in cyberspace. Almost unlimited access to literature, scientific papers, music, videos and other digitalized copyrighted materials, shook the foundations of the traditional copyright concept. It had to suffer limitations and changes under the influence of new concepts: open source licences, Copyleft, open code software, knowledge as public good, Creative Commons Licences, free exchange of information, etc.Razvoj informacionih tehnologija i interneta prouzrokovao je povećanje različitih oblika intelektualne svojine u sajber prostoru. Gotovo neograničena dostupnost književnih dela, naučnih radova, muzičkih radova, video radova, i drugih autorskih dela u digitalnom obliku uzdrmala je iz temelja tradicionalni koncept autorskih prava. On je morao da doživi ograničenja i promene pod uticajem novih koncepata: licenci otvorenog sadržaja, Copyleft-a, softver otvorenog koda, znanja kao javnog dobra, Creative Commons Licenses, slobodne razmene informacija, itd

PRAVO NA ZAŠTITU LIČNIH PODATAKA U EU

The violation of the right to privacy and the need for protection has conditioned the development of regulations that govern these issues. The subject of work is the General Data Protection Regulation that the European Union passed in 2016 and will come into force on 28 May 2018. This new regulation regulates that question of protection of data in detail and creates new rights and obligations in this area. Besides other rights, individuals also acquire the right to transfer of data, and the right to be forgotten, while institutions that process data gain new obligations such as the impact assessment on privacy, integrated protection of privacy, appointment of an authorized person for protection of data, etc.Ugrožavanje prava privatnosti i potreba zaštite podataka uslovili su razvoj propisa koji regulišu navedena pitanja. Predmet rada je Opšta uredba za zaštitu podataka koju je Evropska unija donela 2016. godine, a stupiće na snagu 25. maja 2018. godine. Novi propis detaljnije reguliše pitanje zaštite podataka i stvara nova prava i obaveze u oblasti zaštite ličnih podataka. Pojedinci stiču pored drugih i pravo na prenos podataka, i parvo na zaborav, a institucije koje vrše obradu podataka stiču nove obaveze kao što su procena uticaja na privatnost, integrisana zaštita privatnosti, imenovanje ovlaščenog lica za zaštitu podataka, itd

НЕПРАВИЧНЕ ОДРЕДБЕ У ПОТРОШАЧКИМ УГОВОРИМА У РЕГУЛАТИВИ ЕУ И СРПСКОМ ЗАКОНОДАВСТВУ

The topic of unfair terms in consumer contracts is not only legally interesting, but nowadays certainly concerns the broadest categories of people, namely the consumers. The compounding (globalization) of markets and the emerging new sale mediums (cash on delivery, electronically, etc.), which has experienced a great expansion in the second half of the XX Century, led to a great disproportion between mega retailers (and mega retail chains) on one side and consumers on the other side leaving ample room for manipulation. In order to protect consumers countries have, through means of state-legal mechanisms, resorted to passing lex specialis in this fled, and have also made efforts to create international frameworks through different EU Directives. It is through implementation of these directives that EU member states, but also candidate countries for EU membership, guarantee a minimum of consumer protection, leaving room for stricter internal regulations. The work represents a solution of the ЕУ and Serbian legislation, and not only through Directives and Law on Consumer Protection Act, but also broader analyzing this term though the Law on Obligations.Тема неправичних одредаба у потрошачким уговорима не само да је правно интересантна, већ се тиче у данашње време свакако најшире категорије физичких лица, а то су потрошачи. Усложњавање (глобализација) тржишта и појава нових медија продаје (поузећем, електронски итд.) која је доживела велики бум у другој половини XX века, довела је до једне велике несразмере између мега трговаца (и мега трговачких ланаца) са једне и потрошача са друге стране остављајући широк простор за манипулацију. Да би заштитиле потрошаче државе су путем државно-правних механизама прибегле доношењу lex specialisa за ову област, а потрудиле су се да створе и међународне оквире кроз различите Директиве ЕУ. Кроз имплементацију ових директива државе чланице ЕУ, али и земље кандидати за чланство, гарантују минимум правне заштите потрошачима, остављајући простор за строжију унутрашњу регулативу. Рад представља решења ЕУ и српског законодавства, и то не само кроз Директиве и Закон о заштити потрошача, већ и шире анализирајући овај појам кроз Закон о облигационим односима

E-MAIL KAO DOKAZNO SREDSTVO U UPOREDNOM PRAVU

Electronic mail or “e-mail” has become the very fabric evidence of litigation. This Article explores a range of evidentiary issues likely to affect email with a particular focus on litigation. Section I introduces the nature of evidence. Section II focuses on the best e-mail evidence rule in the legislation, some cases, and expert opinions. This Article draws from cases involving e-mail in other types of settings, as well as cases involving analogous types of evidence. As this summary of issues suggests, the purposes and styles of e-mail communications are at least as broad as any other type of written communication and e-mail, no doubt in many cases is valid evidence.Elektronska pošta, odnosno “e-mail” sve se češće upotrebljava kao dokazno sredstvo u sudskim slučajevima. U ovom članku se razmatraju pitanja vezana za upotrebu elektronske pošte kao dokaznog sredstva. U prvom delu članka objašnjavaju se opšta pitanja u vezi sa dokazima. U drugom delu članka centralno pitanje koje se razmatra je pitanje najbolje prakse u legislativi, sudskim slučajevima i pravnoj doktrini, a u vezi korišćenja elektronske pošte kao dokaznog sredstva. Ovaj članak proistekao je iz analize sudskih slučajeva u kojima je elektronska pošta korišćena kao dokazno sredstvo, i slučajeva u kojima su korišćena slična dokazna sredstva kao što je elektronska pošta. U zaključku ovog članka sugeriše se da je svrha i stil komunikacije elektronskom poštom u najmanju ruku uobičajena kao i svaki drugi tip pisane komunikacije i elektronska pošta je bez ikakve sumnje u mnogim slučajevima pouzdano dokazno sredstvo

FEJSBUK I ZAŠTITA PODATAKA U EU

Today, with the help of social networks, including Facebook's biggest, millions of people around the globe communicate. In addition, this platform has become a powerful means by which the huge amount of data, pictures, films and other materials exchanged, and makes publicly available. Facebook receives the information that the user will become the property of Facebook, which they can trade and make profit. A large proportion of the total number of Facebook users are users in the European Union. Most legal problems related to Facebook's right to privacy, data protection and the possibility of exercising the right to legal protection. These issues are regulated by the regulations of the European Union, and especially the Data Protection Directive, Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications and Telecom Package Directive. The daily use of Facebook opens up issues related to the collection of data by means of cookies, use like button, face recognition, tagging, collection excessive amount of data, the use of picture, using a variety of applications, using a friend finder options, etc...Danas, uz pomoć društvenih mreža, od kojih je Fejsbuk najveća, milioni ljudi komuniciraju širom planete. Pored toga ova platforma je postala moćno sredstvo pomoću koje se ogroman broj podataka, slika, filmova i drugih materijala razmenjuje, i ini javno dostupnim. Informacije koje Fejsbuk dobija od korisnika postaju vlasništvo Fejsbuka, koji njima može da trguje i ostvaruje dobit. Veliki udeo od ukupnog broja Fejsbuk korisnika ine korisnici iz Evropske unije. Najviše pravnih problema na Fejsbuku vezano je za pravo privatnosti, zaštitu podataka kao i mogućnost ostvarivanja prava na pravnu zaštitu. Ova pitanja regulisana su propisima Evropske unije, i to pre svega Direktivom o zaštiti podataka, Direktivom o privatnosti i elektronskim komunikacijama, i Telekom paket direktivom. Svakodnevno korišćenje Fejsbuka otvara pravna pitanja vezana za sakupljanje podataka uz pomoć kolaičića, upotrebu „lajk“ dugmeta, prepoznavanja lica, „tagovanja“, prikupljanja prevelike količine podataka, korišćenja slika korisnika, korišćenja raznih aplikacija, korišćenja friend finder opcija itd

PRAVNI ASPEKTI NEUTRALNOSTI INTERNET MREŽE

Internet Network Neutrality is now evident threatened. The Users of Internet Services will no longer be able to count on equal Access to the Internet Network. States are facing a great Challenge to prevent this Phenomenon, but in spite of their Possibilities they do not affect to improve the Situation. Internet Service Providers use the Opportunities provided by technology and legal Requirements to act arbitrarily on the Market. In this way they seek to eliminate all Competition and maintain existing capacity Internet Network, and to censor any content which is in the Interest of the State or the Owners of big capital. On the other hand remain the Users of Internet Services, which Rights remain only on paper because they are unable to protect their legal rights guaranteed by the State without State Institutions. Bearing in mind that the Internet Sector and the Telecommunications Sector in general is of vital importance for each Country, individuals in this regard may be little to do in order to improve the Situation. The Regulatory Agencies are established by the State and are actually nothing more than another Piece of Governmental Powers, elected by the Governmental Power. Therefore we can not talk about the Independence of these Institutions, since the Election of Members of Regulatory Agencies depends on the Government or members of political Parties. This actually and establishment of Regulatory Agencies has a symbolic role that the State takes care of Internet Users and Competition in the Market. The only thing the Citizens remain is, that by Court to achieve their basic Human Right, the Right to Communication and sharing of Informations. In this respect should help Constitutional Courts and the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg.Neutralnost internet mreže danas je evidentno ugrožena. Korisnici internet servisa ubuduće neće moći da računaju na jednak pristup internet mreži. Države stoje pred velikim izazovom da spreče tu neravnopravnost i omoguće jednak pristup internet mreži, ali one i pored kapaciteta koje poseduju još uvek bitnije ne utiču na poboljšanje situacije. Internet servis provajderi koriste postojeću situaciju da se samovoljno ponašaju na tržištu. Na taj način oni nastoje da eliminišu svaku konkurenciju i održe postojeće kapacitete internet mreže, ali i da cenzurišu sadržaje koji su u interesu država ili posednika krupnog kapitala. Sa druge strane ostaju sami korisnici internet servisa čija zakonskim propisima garantovana prava zapravo ostaju samo mrtvo slovo na papiru, jer oni nisu u mogućnosti da ta svoja zakonom garantovana prava ostvare bez institucija država. Imajući u vidu da je internet sektor i sektor telekomunikacija uopšte od vitalnog značaja za svaku državu, pojedinci mogu malo da učine da bi se to stanje poboljšalo. Regulatorna tela koje države osnivaju nisu zapravo ništa drugo nego još jedan deo državne vlasti, pošto se biraju od strane državne vlasti. Samim time ne može se govoriti o nezavisnosti ovih institucija, pošto izbor članova regulatornih tela zavisi od vlasti odnosno političkih partija. Time zapravo i osnivanje regulatornih tela ima više simboličnu značaj kojim država pokazuje da se stara o korisnicima interneta i konkurenciji na tržištu. Jedino što trenutno ostaje građanima na raspolaganju je da pokreju sudske postupke i tako ostvare svoje osnovno ljudsko pravo, pravo na komunikaciju i razmenu informacija. U ovom pogledu bi trebalo da pomognu ustavni sudovi kao i Evropski sud za ljudska prava u Strazburu

ZAŠTITА AUTORSKIH PRAVA U DIGITALNOM SVETU

In today’s digital world, in which the copyrights and intellectual property (music, pictures, movies...) are copied and replicated free of charge and in excellent quality over the Internet with tremendous speed, is almost every one of us confronted every single day with a complicated issue of copyrights. The territorial jurisdiction of the copyright law is facing new challenges in the digital world and above all on the Internet. Court practice review of the European Court of Justice and the German courts indicates legal problems in practice. Besides that, courts through interpretation of the European law provisions directly affect the protection of copyright in the digital world. This role of case practice in the creation of copyright protection contributes the fact, that in the digital world technical achievements are rapidly developing. On the other hand the political processes are extremely lengthy, so that the courts make their decisions quicker and create the law. Every day use of someone else’s copyright works by file sharing service providers or link setters opens questions of legal liability for the copyright infringement The use of Creative Commons licensed copyright works open up a new dimension in the implementation of copyright protection in the digital world.U digitalnom svetu, u kome se autorsko pravo i intelektualna svojina (muzika, slike, flmovi..) ogromnom brzinom besplatno i u odličnom kvalitetu kopiraju i umnožavaju putem interneta, danas je skoro svako od nas svakodnevno konfrontiran sa komplikovanim pitanjem autorskog prava. Teritorijalno važenje autorskog prava suočava se sa novim izazovima u digitalnom svetu a pre svega na internetu. Prikaz sudske prakse Evropskog suda i nemačkih sudova ukazuje na pravne probleme u praksi. Pored toga sudovi tumačenjem odredba evropskog prava direktno utiču i na zaštitu autorskog prava u digitalnom svetu. Ovoj ulozi sudske prakse u stvaranju zaštite autorskih prava doprinosi činjenica da se u digitalnom svetu tehnička dostignuća izuzetno brzo razvijaju. Sa druge strane politički procesi izuzetno dugo traju, tako da sudovi brže odlučuju i stvaraju pravo. Svakodnevno korišćenje tuđih autorskih dela od strane fle sharing provajdera, postavljača linkova otvara pravna pitanja ogovornosti za povrede autorskih prava. Upotreba Creative Commons licenciranih autorskih dela otvara novu dimenziju u zaštiti autorskih prava u digitalnom svetu

VISOKOTEHNOLOŠKI KRIMINAL – UPOREDNA ISKUSTVA

Cybercrime rapidly developed in last decade of 20th century, and in first years of 21st century its evolution is even more evident. States responded to this threat by introducing new measures into their legal systems, trying to reconcile traditional criminal law with new need to perceive, investigate and prove newly introduced criminal offences. After the initial period of implementation of these measures, we can argue about their success, but also we have to point out defects of comprehensions that prevail in this field at the moment. Unification and harmonization, as well as efficient international cooperation, are basics for better coordination of transnational efforts to suppress cybercrime. Comparative analysis is not possible without review of the only relevant international document on cybercrime – Convention on Cybercrime of Council of Europe and pointing out its significance worldwide. Finally, we briefly deal with achievements of Serbia, as one of few countries that realized there is a need to introduce specialized state institutions to fight cybercrime and to set highest standards of implementation of all relevant legal and technical instruments in order to prevent misusage of high technologies.Visokotehnološki kriminal se naglo razvio u poslednjoj deceniji XX veka, a u XXI veku njegova evolucija je još evidentnija. Države su odgovorile uvođenjem novih mera u svoja krivična zakonodavstva, pokušavajući da pomire tradicionalno krivično pravo sa zahtevima za percipiranjem, istraživanjem i dokazivanjem novih krivičnih dela. Nakon prvog perioda implementacije ovih mera, može se govoriti o relativnom uspehu, ali se isto tako mora ukazati i na nedostatke shvatanja koja trenutno prevladavaju u ovoj oblasti. Unifikacija i harmonizacija, kao i efikasna međunarodna saradnja, osnovne su pretpostavke za bolju koordinaciju nadnacionalnih napora za suzbijanje ove vrste krivičnih dela. Komparativna analiza nije moguća bez osvrta na jedini relevantni međunarodni instrument na polju visokotehnološkog kriminala – Konvenciju o visokotehnološkom kriminalu Saveta Evrope i ukazivanja na njen značaj u globalnim okvirima. Najzad, treba se ukratko osvrnuti i na postignuto u Srbiji, koja je jedna od država koje su na vreme uvidele potrebu za specijalizacijom državnih organa i postavljanjem visokih standarda implementacije savremenih pravno-tehničkih instrumenata za borbu protiv zloupotrebe visokih tehnologija