Evaluation of Somatic Embryogenesis Ability in Robusta Coffee (Coffea Canephora Pierre)

Embriogenesis somatik diharapkan sebagai metode perbanyakan tanaman yang sangat efektif pada kopi. Evaluasi dua jenis proses embriogenesis somatik, yaitu proses langsung dan tidak langsung akan bermanfaat untuk menggambarkan kemampuan proliferasi sel. Penelitian untuk mengevaluasi embriogenesis somatik kopi Robusta (Coffea canephora) yang mempunyai tingkat keragaman genetik tinggi telah dilakukan di Nestlé R&D Centre Tours, Perancis. Bahan tanam menggunakan kopi Robusta koleksi Nestle Perancis dan tiga klon koleksi Pusat Penelitian Kopi dan Kakao Indonesia (Puslitkoka). Tiga aspek, yaitu proses embriogenesis, keragaman embriogenesis dan kemantapan embriogenesis dievaluasi dalam penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa baik embriogenesis somatik langsung maupun tidak langsung dapat diamati. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kedua proses embriogenesis somatik tersebut merupakan dua mekanisme yang berbeda. Dalam penelitian ini ditunjukkan bahwa kemampuan embriognesis somatik tergantung pada genotipe, baik antar maupun di dalam kelompok genetik kopi Robusta, yaitu Congolese,Guinean dan Conillon. Lebih lanjut diketahui bahwa kedua proses embriogenesis somatik tersebut stabil terhadap indukan sebagai sumber eksplan. Kemampuan embriogenesis somatik tidak langsung ketiga klon Puslitkoka (BP409, BP961 dan Q121) sangat beragam, sehingga memberikan harapan adanya pola segregasi yang baik berdasarkan kemampuan embriogenesis somatik tidak langsung pada populasi yang dibuat dari silangan klon tersebut

Confirmation of Transgenic Robusta Coffee (Coffea Canephora) Transformed by Chitinase-encoding Gene and Its Propagation Through Somatic Embryogenesis

Genetic engineering of Robusta coffee resistant to fungal diseases might be done by introducing a chitinase-encoding gene into genome of this plant. This research was aimed to confirm transgenic plant of BP 308 clone Robusta coffee transformed by chi gene and to evaluate its ability for the somatic embryogenesis. Confirmation of transgenic was carried out by analysis the presence of NPTII gene as a selectable marker for Canamysin resistant using PCR technique. The somatic embryo initiation and reproduction were evaluated in 11 plant accessions. Three kinds of sucrose concentration, 20%, 30% and 40% were applied in initiation stage of somatic embryo germination. The suitability of 4 medium, namely M1 (without addition by liquid medium), M2 (addition by liquid medium contained 0.25 mg/l kinetin), M3 (addition by liquid medium contained 0.25 mg/l IAA) and M4 (addition by liquid medium contained 0.25 mg/l GA3 ) was evaluated for somatic embryo maturation. The result showed that 8 out of 10 plant accessions tested were transgenic and they could be propagated through somatic embryogenesis. The ability of transgenic plant for somatic embryo initiation, reproduction and regeneration were similar with that of nontransgenic one. Germination of somatic embryo could be improved by using 40% sucrose. Maturation of somatic embryo could be improved by addition of fresh liquid medium on the ancient gelled medium that used for somatic embryos reproduction. The best result was obtained on addition of fresh medium contained 0.25 mg/l GA 3 in which 65% of the somatic embryos developed to pre-germinate somatic embryo

Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci Determining Vegetative Growth Traits in Coffea Canephor

Recently the use of molecular markers has been successfully applied for some crops. For coffee, new opportunities have been opened since Nestlé R&D Centre in collaboration with ICCRI completed the first genetic map of Coffea canephora. This study was aimed both to evaluate the phenotypic trait and also to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling the vegetative growth in Robusta coffee. Present study used three C. canephora populations and six genetic maps developed based on these populations using simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) markers. A total of 17 different quantitative data were used for the detection of QTLs on each of three populations. Present result showed that most of these traits were not heritable. The nine vegetative traits have been identified and distributed over seven different linkage groups. Due to some QTLs determining one given trait were overlapping on the same linkage group and were coming from the same favourable parent, a total of 19 QTLs detected for vegetative traits might finally be considered as only 12 QTLs involved. However, only two of them were shared for different traits. One involved for the number/length of primary branches and width of the canopy while the other for length of internodes and width of canopy. These two QTLs might determine the size of the tree canopy in this species

LEXICAL ANALYSIS OF THE VERB COOK AND LEARNING VOCABULARY: A CORPUS STUDY

English verbs have built-in properties that determine how they behave syntactically and generate appropriate meaning associated. With these inherent properties some verbs can fill in only in certain syntactic structures and some in others. The observation of the verb COOK using English corpus has revealed its lexical properties covering the area of syntax, semantics, and collocation suggesting uniqueness of its behaviours that are distinguishable from other verbs. Having found the lexical properties of COOK, this article concludes that the acquisition of lexicon should include lexical properties that reflect their level of competence. It also argues that the acquisition of lexical properties should be implicit, not through meta-linguistic knowledge. This would render early grammar teaching unnecessary. The acquisition of lexical properties should take place through subconscious process, not explicit grammar instruction. Many of these are grammatical aspects such as word order, sentence construction, grammatical and lexical collocations

LEXICAL CONSTRAINTS IN TRANSLATION AND LEARNING ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE IN INDONESIA

One of the main problems in the process of translating and learning English as a foreign language may be attributed to lexical constraints. Problems exist in both processes (translating and learning) because the two languages involved represent two different systems of expression. The differences in lexical structure between English and Indonesian are predicted to be the main cause of difficulties for EFL learners and translators. Using lexical conceptual structure (LCS), this study has collected data from authentic sources including English novels, brochures, textbooks, bulletins and newspapers. From this data we have identified five types of problems: These problems will be referred to as denominalized verbs or nouns surface as verbs, deadjectival verbs or adjectives surface as verbs, verb semantic structure, collocational combination, and transitive-intransitive alternation. The analysis of these cases has demonstrated that potential problems associated with each case are all lexically related. Therefore it will be argued in this paper that these five cases are part of the main causes for the problems faced by translators and EFL learners

General Senior Secondary Education Financing in Indonesia

This report examines the policy options and financial implications of the expansion of senior secondary education in Indonesia. The government wishes to increase the gross enrolment rate from 70% to 85% by 2014 and aims for universal 12-year education by 2019. The approach adopted has been to: analyse current costs and funding arrangements through fieldwork and a review of secondary sources; consider the financing implications of achieving a set of minimum standards; review the current government funding provision; and examine a range of policy options for the expansion of senior secondary enrolments. The current funding of government senior secondary education is complex and varies throughout the country. It involves different levels of government providing financial support for infrastructure, salaries and operational costs. A common feature of the senior secondary sub-sector is its dependence on parental contributions. This has implications for school quality and for equity. The government's policy of designating some schools as 'international standard secondary schools' (RSBI) has inadvertently adversely affected equity.The study found considerable variation in the levels of cost and the amounts of available revenue among state senior secondary schools (SMA), with the RSBI being far better resourced than the rest. Salaries of government service teachers (PNS) are the responsibility of government. Those of teachers without PNS status, who are numerous in some schools, have to be paid for from other sources and almost invariably these costs fall on parents. The burden on parents comes in various forms. There are direct charges for fees and registration books and uniforms and there are indirect costs of transport and meals. There are also high opportunity costs of sending children to senior secondary school to set against the perceived returns of this level of schooling

Causal Correlation Between Technology Level, Institutional Support, and Agricultural Extension Role Againts for the Adoption Level of Livestock-Crop Integration

Efforts to increase the amount of livestock-crop integration adopter needs agricultural extension support and powerful institutional support through technology transfer to farmers. This research was aimed to determine causal correlation between technology level, institutional support and agricultural extension\u27s role against the adoption level of livestock-crop integration. This research was conducted from 15th February - 31th March 2013 in Sadangkulon, Kebumen Regency. The used method in this study was structured survey method. Respondents were taken as much as 31 people using sample random sampling, as much as 50% from each farmer group. Variables which measured in this study were integration technology level, agricultural extension role, and adoption level of livestock-crop integration. Data were analyzed using path analysis to estimate the coefficient of linear structural equation which has a causal correlation by SPSS tools. The research result showed that the contribution of exogenous variables (technology level, institutional support, and agricultural extension role) simultaneously affecting the adoption level of livestock-crop integration of 72,5% (P < 0,05). Partially, the adoption level of livestock-crop integration was directly affected by the mastery level of technology (16,4%), institutional support (4,7%), and agricultural extension role (13,4%). Based correlation analysis showed that the correlation between exogenous variable have a positive and significant correlation (r12 = 0,580; r13 = 0,703; and r23 = 0,427). Based on the research result, that mastery level of technology, institutional support, and agricultural extension role had a causal correlation against the adoption level of livestock-crop integration

Prospek Penggunaan Korpus Untuk Studi Kebahasaan Dan Proses Pembelajaran Bahasa Kedua

This article will argue that intuition-based description by native speakers to some extent may not be accurate in depicting what people really say and think about the language. Since the problem of learning a second language is essentially lexical, the introduction of machine-readable text corpora has been seen as an alternative for describing lexical behaviour of a natural language and media which second language teachers and learners can benefit from (see Fox, 1988, Willis, 1990, Francis, 1993). The corpus programs such as Concordancing, Sentence, and Collocation are capable of providing data of lexical properties, and thus, overcoming the failings of intuition. In addition, it also helps learners and teachers understand the characteristics of lexicon, various meanings of the word and acquire its syntactic propertie