Peritoneal Keratin Granuloma Masquerading as Disseminated Carcinoma

Peritoneal keratin granuloma is a rare lesion included under granulomatous lesions of the peritoneum. It can be of infectious and non-infectious etiology. The lesion presents as a large intra-abdominal necrotic mass often misinterpreted clinically as a disseminated carcinoma. We report a case of peritoneal keratin granuloma in a 50-year-old male following peritonitis. Histomorphology revealed laminated keratin deposits with giant cell reaction. Follow-up data of this granuloma suggests that it has no prognostic significance

Haemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis: New Insights into Diagnosis

Introduction: Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) or haemophagocytic syndrome is a very fatal and an underdiagnosed disease which involves a pathway of hypercytokinemia, that results in Multiorgan Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS) and poor survival. Although an early diagnosis is important to decrease mortality, the definitive diagnosis is an enigma due to the absence of confirmatory gold standard tests. Since the range of laboratory assays involved in the diagnosis of HLH is wide, practicing pathologists should be familiar with the disease so, that they can appropriately flag results and convey them to the clinicians. Aim: To diagnose Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and find its advantage over the criteria used in 2004. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study was accomplished in the Pathology Department of Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College and Hospital Cuttack, Odisha, India over a period of 5 years and 4 months in which 26 cases were evaluated. A complete clinical history, haematological, biochemical work-up and H-scoring by Fardet L et al., in 2014 was done to dwell into the depths of aetiology of HLH. Univariate statistical analysis was done to understand the basic statistics of the data in term of frequency and percentage. Results: Total of 26 patients were diagnosed and the age ranges from 47 days to 65 years; two were infants. The average age of the patients was 28 years. The H-score was more accurate than the previous (2004) criteria to diagnose HLH. The diagnostic sensitivity improved by 7.7% by using H-score. The underlying aetiology was found to be infective, autoimmune and malignancies in our cases. Conclusion: H-score, a new scoring system proposed helps to diagnose HLH in a robust and efficient way for early diagnosis and treatment

Differential expression of cyclin E, p63, and Ki-67 in gestational trophoblastic disease and its role in diagnosis and management: A prospective case–control study

Background: Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) constitutes a spectrum of tumors and tumor-like conditions, characterized by proliferation of pregnancy-associated trophoblastic tissue of progressive malignant potential. It is very difficult to differentiate these complex groups of lesions basing on histomorphology alone. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) with cyclin E, P63, and Ki-67 has a definite role in the identification of different trophoblasts and entities of GTD and also in the determination of biological behavior. Aims: The aim of this study is to find the differential expression of cyclin E, p63, and Ki-67 in normal placenta, hydropic abortus (HA), and various entities of GTD. Design and Settings: A prospective case–control study conducted in a government medical college. Methods: Total 96 cases, divided into Group A (48 histologically confirmed cases of GTD) and Group B (controls comprising 8 HA and 40 normal placentas of different trimesters), were studied. The histological samples were subjected to IHC using cyclin E, Ki-67, and p63. Statistical Analysis: Results were analyzed using SPSS statistical method. Results: Among the three immunomarkers used, Cyclin E and Ki-67 show statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) when compared between GTD and control groups, but it was insignificant for p63 (P = 0.369). Strong staining intensity of cyclin E and Ki-67 is seen in complete moles, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor. Conclusion: This study was done to evaluate the role of cell cycle regulatory proteins such as cyclin E and p63 and proliferation marker Ki-67 in the detection of various trophoblasts and differential diagnosis of the lesions associated with them

Impact of conventional and ohmic blanching on color, phytochemical, structural, and sensory properties of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cubes: A comparative analysis

Innovative food-preserving methods are developing with the demand for delicious and healthy foods. The current work investigates the preservation of raw Totapuri mango slices of 1 cube cm dimension through conventional blanching (CB) and ohmic blanching (OB). The peroxidase test identified the precise blanching times. The CB performed by boiling mango cubes at 90 °C in a hot water bath took 130 s, whereas OB took 40–110 s depending on the voltage gradients. The color parameters of the samples and the nature of inherent bioactive compounds remained intact in both conventional and ohmic blanching treatments. However, the blanching reduced the amounts of bioactive compounds. The CB reduced these contents to a greater extent than OB with the minimum effect at 20 V/cm due to non-uniform thermal effects in the former. The morphology was severely affected by CB treatment compared to OB treatment as evidenced by SEM image analyses. The DPPH scavenging activity at 20 V/cm was the highest among all blanched samples. Thus, the OB is preferable to CB for preserving the mango cubes

Interfacial Solid-State Mediator-Based Z‑Scheme Heterojunction TiO₂@Ti₃C₂/MgIn₂S₄ Microflower for Efficient Photocatalytic Pharmaceutical Micropollutant Degradation and Hydrogen Generation: Stability, Kinetics, and Mechanistic Insights

Interface engineering is a vital concern to achieve high efficiency in heterojunction photocatalysts. The judicious design of efficient interfacial electron mediators to accelerate the charge transfer efficiency in Z-scheme heterojunctions with interfacial contact for enhancing the performance of photocatalysts is essential and has been considered an immense challenge. Inspired by nature, multivariate all-solid-state Z-scheme TiO2@Ti3C2/MIS heterojunction composites were fabricated via a simple two-step oxidation strategy for highly promoted multiple photocatalytic applications. The morphological analysis of TiO2@Ti3C2/MIS composites demonstrated that MgIn2S4 (MIS) microflowers were accumulated on the surface of Ti3C2@TiO2 nanosheets, providing dense active sites to the MIS microflowers for efficient photocatalytic applications. The HRTEM and XPS characterization distinctly clarified the close interfacial interaction between MIS with Ti3C2 and TiO2. The optimized TiO2@Ti3C2/MIS-15 photocatalysts exhibited the highest photocatalytic ciprofloxacin degradation (92%) and hydrogen evolution (520.3 μmol h–1) as compared to those of their pristine counterparts. From the mechanistic insights, the charge migration pathway was observed between MIS and TiO2, where Ti3C2 nanosheets served as an electron bridge in constructing the Z-scheme and thus extended the lifetime of the charge carriers photoinduced by MIS and TiO2. The significant participation of •O2– and •OH radicals during photocatalytic CIP degradation was verified by active species trapping experiments, EPR, and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. The current study provides a strategy to design mediator-based Z-scheme heterojunction interfaces for improving the catalytic activity of MXene-derived photocatalysts

MXene Schottky Functionalized Z‑scheme Ternary Heterostructure for Enhanced Photocatalytic H₂O₂ Production and H₂ Evolution

The design and development of a multiheterostructure interface signifies a promising route to overcome the drawbacks of single-component and traditional heterostructured photocatalysts. Herein, a one-dimensional (1D)/two-dimensional (2D)/2D heterostructure, α-MnO2@B/O-g-C3N4/d-Ti3C2, is constructed by a facile two-step synthesis method to ensure charge separation and is utilized for photocatalytic H2O2 production and H2 evolution. The formation of the individual materials and nanohybrids as well as the 1D/2D/2D interfacial interaction is ascertained by X-ray diffraction, Raman, and electron microscopy studies, respectively. 5-MX/MBOCN shows optimum photocatalytic H2O2 production (2846.4 μmol h–1 g–1) with 10% ethanol and H2 evolution (897.2 μmol h–1), which is, respectively, 2.5 and 1.6 times higher than that of the binary MBOCN counterpart. The greater cathodic current density from linear sweep voltammetry, hindered charge recombination from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and photoluminescence measurement, and better photodurability all systematically demonstrated the improved photocatalytic performance. The mechanistic investigation shows that in the ternary hybrid, electrons flow from MnO2 to boron-doped g-C3N4 through a Z-scheme charge dynamics and then electrons flow to the d-MXene surface, which acts as a cocatalyst. The charge transfer dynamics is corroborated by time-resolved photoluminescence, cyclic voltametric analysis, trapping experiment, and ESR analysis. This work instigates the design and development of a high-efficiency cocatalyst-integrated Z-scheme photocatalyst with strong interfacial interaction and high redox ability for solar to chemical energy conversion