Synthesis and Characterization of Cube-Shaped Cu2O Nanoparticles for Heat Transfer Enhancement Application

This project studies on the synthesis of cube-shaped cuprous oxide nanoparticles and evaluation of thermophysical properties of the nanofluid containing synthesized nanoparticles for heat transfer applications. Nanofluids are proven to have higher potential as a cooling medium in heat transfer applications due to its high thermal conductivity property. However, the nanofluids are not stable as the nanoparticles are not well dispersed and forms two layers. Shape of the nanoparticle is also an important factor in ensuring enhanced thermophysical properties of the nanofluid. Hence, in this project, cube-shaped cuprous oxide nanoparticles are synthesized because cube shape has high surface area to volume ratio. A two-step method is chosen as the procedure to prepare the cuprous oxide nanofluid which first focuses on the synthesis of the cuprous oxide nanoparticles in powder form using different bases and continued with the preparation of nanofluid using methanol as the base fluid. The thermophysical properties of the prepared nanofluid is then evaluated to determine the thermal conductivity, viscosity and density

BIOFILM FORMATION AND QUORUM SENSING ANALYSIS OF UROPATHOGENIC MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE ESCHERICHIA COLI

Objective: Escherichia coli (E. coli) are gram-negative facultative anaerobes which are commonly found in the lower intestine. Biofilm production in E. coli promotes colonization and leads to an increase rate of infections, and such infections may be difficult to treat as they exhibit multidrug resistance (MDR). Methods: 50 strains of uropathogenic E. coli were collected from Clinical Microbiology laboratory at Saveetha medical college and hospital for a time period of 3 mo. Strains were identified by conventional biochemical methods. Biofilm formation and quorum sensing analysis were performed by the Microtitre plate method and Thin Layer Chromatography method (TLC), respectively. Results: In this study, 46 (92%) of E. coli strains were strong, 3(6%) were intermediate and 1(2%) were weak biofilm producers. From TLC analysis, 34 (68%) of the strains produced Acyl Homoserine Lactone molecules. Out of which, 16 isolates were shown unknown analytes of Retardation factor (Rf) value greater than 1. The Rf values identified were 3 unsubstituted C4 (5), 3 unsubstituted C6 (3), 3 oxo C8 (3), 3 oxo C4 (4), 3 oxo C6 (2), 3 oxo C1 (1). Conclusion: In this study, 100% of isolates were biofilm producers. Of which 18 strains produced known Acyl Homoserine Lactone molecules and 16 isolates produced unknown analytes. Thus, quorum sensing molecules plays a major role in biofilm formation

Customized Semantic Segmentation for Enhanced Disease Detection of Maize Leaf Images

Maize leaf images are affected by various diseases. Though many image processing techniques are available to identify diseased segment of a diseased maize leaf image proper methodology to segment every chunk in the leaf as disease, shadow, healthy and background using a single methodology is still in search of. So, a single line of attack is availed using Semantic Segmentation for diseased maize Leaf images through which every pixel in an image is equated to a class. Initially multiple classes in the maize leaf images are Labeled and trained. ImagedataStore and PixelLabelDatastore are used to distinguish original images and trained images. With different classes defined and trained using the Semanticseg model and later applying semantic segmentation to the diseased maize leaf images they are segmented into various classes such as healthy, diseased, shadow and background. The shadows and background are difficult to handle and with this segmentation the exact pixel count of various classes are displayed. The output of semantic segmentation is a maize Leaf image where each pixel is equated to a particular class whereas in normal CNN the output is not an image but a class

Survey on Security Enhancement at the Design Phase

Pattern classification is a branch of machine learning that focuses on recognition of patterns and regularities in data. In adversarial applications like biometric authentication, spam filtering, network intrusion detection the pattern classification systems are used [6]. In this paper, we have to evaluate the security pattern by classifications based on the files uploaded by the users. We have also proposed the method of spam filtering to prevent the attack of the files from other users. We evaluate our approach for security task of uploading word files and pdf files. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.150314

Sukarelawan KILAU UMP edar juadah sahur

KUALA LUMPUR: Seramai 40 sukarelawan KILAU Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP) terdiri kakitangan dan pelajar mengagihkan 350 pek juadah sahur pada Program Singgah Sahur@Kuala Lumpur di sini, hari ini

Forced Degradation study with Developed and Validated RP-HPLC Method for Simulateneous Estimation of Clindamycin Phosphate and Ketoconazole in Bulk and Finished Pharmaceutical Dosage Form

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is one of the most powerful analytical technologies available today. Clindamycin and ketoconazole concentrations were determined using RP-HPLC. The mobile phase was optimized with a 50:50 percent v/ v mixture of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer. The stationary phase was a C8 column (4.6 x 150 mm, 5 μ) or comparable chemically linked to porous silica particles. The detection was done with a UV detector set to 210 nm. At a steady flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, the solutions were chromatographed. Clindamycin with ketoconazole's linearity regression coefficients were determined to be less than 0.999. The percent RSD values are less than 2%, showing that the approach is accurate and precise. The rate of recovery varies between 98.0 and 102.0 percent. As a result of forced degradation studies, it may be possible to improve the quality of the pharmaceutical products especially in the areas of formulation, packaging and storage of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The results obtained on the validation parameters met ICH and USP requirements. It inferred the method found to be simple, accurate, precise and linear. Finally, the developed method can be used for the routine analysis of single and combinations in regular drug analysis

Morphology and Distribution of Dendritic Cells in Normal and Carcinoma Cervix

OBJECTIVES: To study and compare the morphology, size and distribution of CD1a positive Langerhans Cells (LCs) in the ectocervical epithelium of the normal cervix, carcinoma of cervix and normal cervix associated with other genital carcinomas. METHODS: Normal and cancerous ectocervical tissues, obtained after informed consent, from 47 women undergoing hysterectomies, were processed for immunohistochemical staining with CD1a marker and studied by light microscopy. The morphology and distribution of the CD1a positive LCs were studied. The difference in the total number of LCs and different types of CD1a positive LCs per mm length of ectocervical epithelium were compared between the various groups using the Kruskal Wallis test and between pairs of groups using the Mann Whitney U test. The mean diameters of LCs were compared between the groups using ANOVA and pairs of groups using the Scheffe multiple comparison test. RESULTS: There were significantly fewer CD1a positive LCs in squamous cell and adenocarcinoma of cervix than in normal. An additional previously unclassified variety of LCs having no processes was noted and this was the predominant type in carcinoma cervix. Cells having single processes were significantly higher in normal cervix as compared to cervical carcinomas. The diameters of CD1a positive LCs were significantly higher in normal cervix than in carcinoma cervix. This data may shed new insights into the role of LCs in the disease process of cervical carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS: 1. All the cervical specimens showed the presence of CD1a positive LCs. 2. Regional variation was noted in the distribution of LCs. 3. In the normal ectocervix, LCs were predominantly present in the suprabasal and intermediate layers of stratified squamous epithelium. 4. In CIN I LCs were predominantly present in the suprabasal layer of the ectocervical epithelium. 5. In case of carcinoma of cervix, LCs were seen either in the entire thickness, in the suprabasal or mid-epithelial layers, or infrequently, in the superficial layers of the ectocervical epithelium. 6. In addition to the five types of LCs classified by Figueroa and Caorsi (26), LCs with no processes were also noted in all the specimens. 7. While in the normal cervix, CIN I and normal cervix associated with other genital carcinoma LCs predominantly had a single process (Type I), cells with no processes were predominant in the squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma groups. 8. LC migration through the basement membrane was noted in all the five categorized groups. 9. A large number of LCs was noted associated with lymphocytic infiltrations in both epithelium and lamina propria. 10. LCs were found in close association with the capillaries and HEVs in the lamina propria of cases with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. 11. The mean number of CD1a positive LCs per mm length of ectocervical epithelium was highest in CIN I and in normal cervix when compared with carcinoma of cervix and normal cervix associated with other genital carcinomas. 12. The number of CD1a positive LCs was significantly lower in squamous cell and adenocarcinoma of cervix as compared to normal cervix. 13. The number of type I CD1a positive LCs was significantly higher in normal cervix as compared to squamous cell carcinoma of cervix. 14. The number of type I CD1a positive LCs was significantly higher in normal cervix as compared to adenocarcinoma of cervix. 15. Although the number of LCs was sparse in the intact epithelium away from tumour areas, dense infiltrations of LCs were noted in the tumour areas in poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of cervix. 16. The diameters of CD1a positive LCs were significantly higher in normal cervix as compared to squamous cell and adenocarcinoma of cervix and normal cervix associated with other genital carcinomas. 17. The diameters of CD1a positive LCs were significantly greater in CIN I as compared to adenocarcinoma of cervix and normal cervix associated with other genital carcinomas. 18. The diameters of CD1a positive LCs were significantly higher in squamous cell carcinoma of cervix as compared to adenocarcinoma of cervix and normal cervix associated with other genital carcinomas

Practical quantum cryptography for secure free-space communications

Quantum Cryptography is an emerging technology in which two parties may simultaneously generate shared, secret cryptographic key material using the transmission of quantum states of light. The security of these transmissions is based on the inviolability of the laws of quantum mechanics and information – theoretically secure post- processing methods. An adversary can neither successfully tap the quantum transmissions, nor evade detection, owing to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. In this paper we describe the theory of quantum cryptography and the most recent results from our experimental free space system with which we have demonstrated for the first time the feasibility of quantum key generation over a point-to-point outdoor atmospheric path in daylight. We achieved a transmission distance of 0.5km which was limited only by the length of the test range. Our results provide strong evidence that cryptographic key material could be generated on the demand between a ground station and a satellite (or between two satellites), allowing a satellite to be securely re-keyed on orbit. We present a feasibility analysis of surface-to-satellite quantum key generation

Clinical Pattern of Diabetic Foot Infections and their Management

INTRODUCTION: In the years between 1958 and 1993, the number of people diagnosed with diabetes multiplied five – fold. In 1994, 135 million patients world – wide were living with Diabetes mellitus. By the year 2025, it is estimated that this figure would increase to more than 300 million. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder, predominantly of carbohydrates, which has hereditary and environmental risk factors. According to the criteria of WHO and the ADA (American Diabetes Association) of 1997, a diagnosis can be established on the basis of fasting plasma glucose levels of : 1. 7.8 mmol/L (126 mg/dl) or above (with or without the presence of the classic signs such as polydipsia, tiredness, unexplained weight loss or pruritus). 2. 11.1 mmol/L (200mg/dl) and above measured at random and coexisting with the disease symptoms mentioned previously. 3. 11.1 mmol/L (200mg / dl) measured two hours after a standardized oral glucose tolerance test. AIM AND OBJECTIVES: With the projected 14% prevalence rate of Diabetes Mellitus in Indian population and about 5 – 10% of them developing foot infections and associated foot lesions, it becomes imminent for the health care system to put in practice a logistically feasible management strategy for Diabetic foot in Government Hospitals. This becomes important in view of the fact that over 80% of general population in India approach only Government Hospitals for their health care requirements. With this aim in mind, the present study was planned and conducted. The objectives of the project are: 1. To study the clinical pattern of foot infections in Diabetic patients. 2. To study the effect of Glycaemic status in controlling infection. 3. To analyze the risk factors leading to complications in Diabetic Foot-infections 4. To study the outcome of the treatment modalities and suggest a patient friendly hospital management strategy for Diabetic foot MATERIALS AND METHODS: Materials: This is a prospective study of consecutive Diabetic patients with foot complications admitted in the surgical wards of Government Royapettah Hospital during the period of August 2005 – August 2007. A total of 200 cases were analysed during this period. Methods: Detailed history and thorough clinical examination was done in all cases. Documentation was done using a stratified proforma which included demographic data of the patients studied; all the details of investigations carried out and the types of management and treatments provided to the patients enrolled in the study. For all patients, hematological, biochemical, microbiological and radiological investigations were carried out as enumerated in the proforma using standard procedures. Blood sugar and Renal parameters were performed at the time of admission. Fasting, Post prandial, Pre dinner and Post dinner Blood sugar was done on the next day and repeated according to Blood sugar levels. Urine analysis including urine acetone was done. X-ray of local part, Ultrasonogram Abdomen and Hand held Doppler study of both limbs was done. As Duplex scan was not available in our hospital, they were done at Government General Hospital for patients who were suspected to have Arteriopathy. Appropriate treatment was provided according to the Grade of Diabetic foot lesions. This included infection control with antibiotics only ; Slough excision with antibiotics ; slough excision with split skin graft or flap; fasciotomy; incision and drainage or amputation at appropriate level. All these procedures were carried out as described. Health Education was given to patients regarding foot care and were followed up regularly every 2 weeks. SUMMARY: 200 consecutive Diabetic patients with foot complications admitted in Government Royapettah Hospital, Chennai during August 2005 to August 2007 where characterized for demographic factors, investigatory profiles, clinical presentations as per International norms; and underlying risk factors. Effective management strategies were planned and executed with the sole aim of achieving diabetes control and salvaging the diabetic foot with significant success. CONCLUSIONS: 1. 76.5% of the diabetic foot cases were in the 40 – 69 years age groups, while maximum cases in men was seen in 50 – 59 years age group and the same in women was in the 60 – 69 years age group. 2. 55% of the diabetic foot patients were poor and 60% were walking bare-footed and hence prone for trauma and ulcer development. 3. 52.5% of the cases had high blood sugar levels of 201 – 300 mg/dl at the time of admission and 21.5% had Keto-acidosis. 4. 91% of the patients were bacteriologically positive for infection either with single organism (73%) or with multiple organisms (18%). 5. The patients with diabetic foot presented with abscess (2%); cellulitis (23%); ulcer (55%) and gangrene (20%). While 110/200 (55%) cases presented with diabetic ulcers, 85.4% of these cases presented with Grade II ulcers as per Wagner’s Classification. 6. Anatomical Bony deformities, arteriopathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, obesity were the common risk factors in the study group leading to complications in diabetic foot. 7. In this study, 165/200 (82.5%) could be limb-salvaged with antibiotics alone and/or slough excision in various stages and fasciotomy. 8. 35 cases (17.5%) have to undergo different levels of amputation within which majority of them (22/35) were only toe Disarticulation. 9. The present study concludes that adequate glycemic control, appropriate antibiotic therapy and prompt slough excision–mediated debridement therapy can be the successful limb salvage programme in nearly 93.5% of the diabetic foot cases

Study the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and dry eye in diabetes mellitus patients and comparing with duration and urea, creatinine level

BACK ROUND: Diabetes mellitus is one of the leading causes of blindness in twenty to seventy four year old individuals. Cataract and retinopathy are known complications. Dry eyes are more prevalent in diabetic individuals. AIM AND OBJECTIVE: 1. To correlate the dry eye and diabetic retinopathy with duration of diabetes and urea, creatinine level. 2. Evaluation of risk factors attributed to dry eye and diabetic retinopathy in diabetes mellitus patients. 3. To study the prevalence of dry eye and diabetic retinopathy in diabetes mellitus patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It is a hospital based cross sectional study. This study was done between the periods from August 2013 to July 2014. The study was done on all diabetic patients attending ophthalmology outpatient clinic. Before commencing the study Ethics committee approval was obtained from the Coimbatore medical college and government hospital. Diabetic patients attending outpatient clinic were screened for dry eye and diabetic retinopathy after attaining consent. RESULTS: Among symptomatic patients, 28.7% Schirmer test positive and 24 % of them TBUT positive. Dry eye symptoms more prevalent in female gender. The prevalence of dry eye increases in the duration of the disease had poor glycemic control (74 %). The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy also increases with longer duration of disease , poor glycemic control and high urea and Creatinine level. CONCLUSION: Dry eye syndrome is a definite entity, that occurs in diabetic patients, more so, when the duration of diabetes is longer, poor glycemic control, high urea, Creatinine level associated with DR, irrespective of severity