The First Ten Years

Presented to the WMU Center for the Study of Ethics in Society, September 28, 1995

The Ethics Center at Fifteen Years

Papers presented for the Center of the Study of Ethics in Society Western Michigan University

Reasonable Children

Presented to the WMU Center for the Study of Ethics in Society - May 19, 1993

The development and growth of British photographic manufacturing and retailing, 1839-1914

This study presents a new perspective on British photography through an examination of the manufacturing and retailing of photographic equipment and sensitised materials between 1839 and 1914. This is contextualised around the demand for photography from studio photographers, amateurs and the snapshotter. It notes that an understanding of the photographic image cannot be achieved without this as it directly affected how, why and by whom photographs were made. Individual chapters examine how the manufacturing and retailing of photographic goods was initiated by philosophical instrument makers, opticians and chemists from 1839 to the early 1850s; the growth of specialised photographic manufacturers and retailers; and the dramatic expansion in their number in response to the demands of a mass market for photography from the late1870s. The research discusses the role of technological change within photography and the size of the market. It identifies the late 1880s to early 1900s as the key period when new methods of marketing and retailing photographic goods were introduced to target growing numbers of snapshotters. Particular attention is paid to the role of Kodak in Britain from 1885 as a manufacturer and retailer. A substantial body of newly discovered data is presented in a chronological narrative. In the absence of any substantive prior work this thesis adopts an empirical approach firmly rooted in the photographic periodicals and primary sources of the period. Wider literature from the history of retailing, manufacturing and Victorian studies supports it. The study concludes that three key periods, the early 1850s, the 1870s and the 1890s, were when substantive changes to photographic technology each released a latent demand for photography initially from the commercial portrait photographer and then, respectively, from the amateur and the snapshotter. This was met and enhanced by new manufacturing, retailing and marketing methods within photography underpinned by wider economic, social and economic changes

Teaching Research Ethics: An Institutional Change Model

Paper presented to the center, April 2002

Protecting and Exploiting Photography Through Intellectual Property in The Long Nineteenth-Century Britain

This paper presents a broad survey examining how the photographic industry in Britain used the patent system, trade-mark and design registration systems to protect and exploit inventions during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It looks at how patents were perceived by the industry, how manufacturers and retailers exploited them, and wider issues which surrounded them, all of which received extensive coverage in the pages of the contemporary photographic press.  It does not look at copyright protection for photographs which evolved separately

Moral Theory and Moral Life

This paper was originally presented as The Distinguished Scholar Award Lecture, January 25, 1996

Factors In uencing Curriculum Adoption in 2- and 4-year Undergraduate Cybersecurity Programs

Increased demand in the cybersecurity workforce requires a significant response from colleges and universities in order to meet that demand. The federal government has emphasized cybersecurity education at all levels as a way to meet that demand, yet there is wide variance in curriculum defined by academics, industry, and government organizations. While there are many curriculum standards, little research has been conducted to investigate the drivers for curriculum adoption. This study aims to discover what factors influence the adoption of new curriculum at the undergraduate level through a quantitative adaptation and application of existing technology adoption models (e.g. UTAUT, UTAUT2, TRA, TPB, TAM) to the domain of curriculum adoption. It is hypothesized that many of the same factors that drive technology adoption also drive curriculum adoption with the addition of altruistic motivation of the faculty member on behalf of the student. The survey-based study employs a path model analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling. Of the nine hypotheses derived from technology adoption, three were directly supported and one was partially supported with student performance expectancy and facilitating conditions standing out as the most influential exogenous constructs. If it is desirable to drive toward standardized cybersecurity curriculum, this work will benefit standards bodies, accreditors, university leaders, and the federal government to determine the factors that drive adoption to direct resources appropriately