169 research outputs found
"Give Me a Word": A Spiritual Director's Journey with Photography
Utilizing photography in spiritual direction
Teaching "writing 2.0"
Diese Diplomarbeit beschĂ€ftigt sich mit dem Web 2.0, seiner Auswirkung auf das Wesen der Schreibkomptenz und der schriftlichen Kommunikation (âWritingâ), und dessen Implikationen fĂŒr den Fremdsprachenunterricht Englisch. Nach einer Begriffsdefinition von âWritingâ wird das Konzept von âLiteracyâ beleuchtet, das heutzutage weit ĂŒber die traditionelle Lese- und Schreibkompetenz hinausgeht, und deshalb von mehreren Quellen nur als Mehrzahlform gefĂŒhrt wird (âNew Literaciesâ). Diese neuen âLiteraciesâ definieren sich im digitalen Zeitalter vor allem durch das Medium des Bildschirms, das die traditionellen textlastigen Strukturen aufbricht, und sich zunehmend am Bildhaften und der Kombination von multimodalen Inhalten orientiert.
Nach einem Ăberblick ĂŒber traditionelle Lernmodelle fĂŒr die Vermittlung der Schreibkompetenz, wird auf neue Technologien und ihre Implikationen fĂŒr den Fremdsprachenunterricht eingegangen. Im Weiteren, finden sich eine Beschreibung des âConnectivismâ als Lerntheorie fĂŒr das digitale Zeitalter, sowie eine Analyse des GERS (Gemeinsamer EuropĂ€ischer Referenzrahmen) und der österreichischen AHS LehrplĂ€ne bezĂŒglich ihrer Inhalte zur Schreibkompetenz und zu neuen Technologien. AnschlieĂend erklĂ€rt die Arbeit die Besonderheiten des Web 2.0, und beschreibt vier Applikationen (Weblogs, Twitter, Wikis und Online Document Editors) in ihrer FunktionalitĂ€t sowie ihrem Unterrichtseinsatz.
Weiters geht die Arbeit auch auf ein didaktisches Modell der âNew London Groupâ ein, das sich von der Vermittlung von einzelnen Sprachfertigkeiten löst, und sich an der VerknĂŒpfung von verschiedenen Design Elementen in der Textkomposition orientiert. ErgĂ€nzend finden sich Ăberlegungen zu einer PĂ€dagogik 2.0, mit Prinzipien wie Lerner-Autonomie und lernerzentriertem Unterricht. AbschlieĂend werden Evaluierungskriterien zur Vermittlung einer âWriting 2.0â Kompetenz durch Web Applikationen, definiert, und in einer Evaluierung von Wikis und Weblogs angewendet
Determination of national identity in ambivalence of traditional means of communication and the medium radio in the case study of Kenya
Der Anspruch der Arbeit ist es zu beleuchten ob traditionelle und/oder moderne Kommunikationsstrukturen die Errichtung einer Afrikanischen nationalen IdentitĂ€t unterstĂŒtzen können. Das Augenmerk liegt dabei auf dem Fallbeispiel Kenia welches anfĂ€nglich historisch aufbereitet wird und dessen traditionelle Gesellschaften und politische Systeme bis hin zur post-kolonialen Periode beleuchtet werden. Kenias soziale Strukturen beinhalten ebenso einen Ăberblick ĂŒber Religionen, Sprachen und Bildung.
AnschlieĂend werden unterschiedliche IdentitĂ€tskonzepte aus BezĂŒgen verschiedener wissenschaftlichen Traditionen und insbesondere die Konzeption einer afrikanischen IdentitĂ€t ausgearbeitet. Weiters wird der Beitrag der Medien zur IdentitĂ€tskonstruktion angefĂŒhrt, gefolgt von einem Kolloquium von Demokratie als Basis einer teilnehmenden medialen Gesellschaft und ihren Vorbedingungen in der Ersten und Dritten Welt. Darauf folgend werden Demokratievorstellungen und die Tradition der Presse- und Meinungsfreiheit dargelegt. Folgend werden traditionelle Kommunikationsformen, sowie moderne Massenmedien sowie Radio, Fernsehen, Printmedien und das Internet ausgearbeitet. AbschlieĂend werden die Forschungsfragen erneut angefĂŒhrt und schrittweise aufgerollt.
Die Arbeit illustriert eine qualitative Analyse basierend auf einer Literaturrecherche und einer Erhebung von wissenschaftlichem archivarischen Datenmaterials.
Nationale IdentitĂ€t definiert sich durch Begriffe wie Sprache, Kultur und Religion welche ein ideologisches Konstrukt kreieren und daher weder statisch noch grundlegend. Nationale IdentitĂ€t ist sehr instabil, konfliktbehaftet und dynamisch. Weiters gibt es auch kein allumfassendes Konzept Afrikanischer IdentitĂ€t und die Suche nach IdentitĂ€t reprĂ€sentiert verschiedene Epochen der UnterdrĂŒckung.
Eine Aufarbeitung von gĂ€ngigen Afrikanischen Konzepten wie Negritude, AuthentizitĂ€t, afrikanische Persönlichkeit, schwarzes Bewusstsein und afrikanische Mythen können auch als Basis fĂŒr Einigung, Gemeinsamkeit und UnabhĂ€ngigkeit verwendet werden. Gleichwohl, gab es nie und wird es niemals ein einheitliches Konzept von afrikanischer IdentitĂ€t geben.
Elektronische Medien haben groĂen Einfluss auf den modernen Aufbau von IdentitĂ€t da IdentitĂ€ten ein Produkt von Kommunikation sind. Durch Identifikation mit Mediencharakteren können Konsumenten ihr eigenes Selbstbild und ihren Eindruck den sie auf andere haben ohne Konsequenzen testen.
Sprache ist eine der offensichtlichsten kulturellen Kriterien von Nationen und zu einer nationalen Kultur zu gehören bleibt eine bedeutende Quelle von kollektiver IdentitĂ€t. Sprache ist ein Faktor der kulturelle IdentitĂ€t schafft. FĂŒr den Aufbau von kultureller IdentitĂ€t ist es wichtig dass eine familiĂ€re Einheit sich ihrer eigenen Sprache bewusst und ihrer fĂ€hig ist. Kultur ist der Rahmen in dem Kommunikation stattfindet und Kultur entsteht durch Kommunikation. Aufgrund von Krisen und InstabilitĂ€t in Afrika wird Demokratie oft als Zeitverschwendung angesehen. In Afrika gibt es eine Vielzahl von Regimes, aber in fast allen musste die Bevölkerung fĂŒr demokratische Institutionen kĂ€mpfen und ihre Rechte stĂ€ndig verteidigen und neu formulieren. Post-koloniale LĂ€nder hatten mit vielen Problemen wie z.B nationale Integration und die Errichtung neuer politischer Institutionen gleichzeitig zu kĂ€mpfen fĂŒr deren schrittweise BewĂ€ltigung andere Staaten mehrere Epochen Zeit hatten.
Medien und Demokratie: Der Kampf um Redefreiheit und daraus resultierend die Pressefreiheit sind stark verbunden mit Demokratietheorien wie beispielsweise die UnterdrĂŒckung der Redefreiheit als ein Merkmal von totalitĂ€ren und autoritĂ€ren Regimes. Dies fĂŒhrte zu einer Erlahmung des öffentlichen Geistes.
Doch das Zusammenspiel von Individuen mit unterschiedlichem Wissen und Meinungen ist der Hauptfaktor welcher das intellektuelle Leben in Demokratien bestimmt.
Heinrich Oberreuter argumentiert das Kommunikation der Zement ist welcher demokratische Gesellschaften stabilisiert.
Teile von Afrika waren die ersten die das geschriebene Wort als ein Kommunikationsmedium verwendeten und erst seit kurzer Zeit ersetzt dieses die dominante mĂŒndliche Tradition. Traditionelle Gesellschaften hatten ein effizientes Kommunikationssystem welches Teil der öffentlichen Handhabung war. MĂŒndliche Ăberlieferung ist nicht nur Dorfunterhaltung, sondern eine Art AutoritĂ€tsnetzwerke in der Gesellschaft zu artikulieren und Wissen zu fördern. MĂŒndliche Kunst ist ein wichtiges Werkzeug um FĂŒhrer zu kritisieren und fĂŒr Lehrer um Werte zu erbreiten. Regierungen geben oft vor dieses Kulturgut zu unterstĂŒtzen, jedoch zĂ€hmen sie die KĂŒnstler um ihren eigenen Vorteilen zu dienen.
Medienlandschaften sind direkt proportional zu der politischen Entwicklung eines Landes. Ein Problem in Afrika ist es dass die Sprachenvielfalt die lokale Medienentwicklung einschrĂ€nkt. Medien richten sich unglĂŒcklicherweise hauptsĂ€chlich an die besser gebildete Oberschicht mit leichterem Medienzugang. Regierungen nutzen die Medien um politische Botschaften zu verbreiten und fĂŒr public relations. Mittlerweile gibt es in Afrika auch einige Einrichtungen zu Journalistenausbildung. Weiters, nehmen Lokalmedien eine wichtige Position zwischen alten und neuen Medien ein. Sie ziehen Informationen sowohl aus internationalen sowie nationalen Quellen und kombinieren traditionelle Themen mit Moderne und IdentitĂ€t. AuĂerdem haben sie die BefĂ€higung die Staatsgewalt zu kritisieren und politische Revolution zu initiieren. Sie erleichtern offenen Dialog und sind mehr oder weniger unsichtbar im Bestreben politische VerĂ€nderung zu bewirken.The claim of this paper is to illuminate the question of whether traditional and modern means of communication can enhance the formation of a national African identity. Special attention is given to the case study of Kenya, with the first section engaging in the historic outline of Kenya. Furthermore, traditional political systems and societies found in Kenya are detailed, which affords a historical profile of Kenyan governmental systems from the pre-colonial to the post war era. An overview of Kenyan societal principles and social and class structures of both Kenyan tribes and societies succeed. Moreover, a give a brief summary of religions, languages and education in Kenya is given. The following section concerns identity and its diverse definitions from various perspectives, such as that of communication studies, giving particular focus to African identity. Subsequently the issue of the media's contribution to the construction of identity is addressed, which is followed by a disquisition of democracy as the basis of a participatory medial society and its conditions in both the first and third world. Democracy, media/communications and the traditions of press freedom are subsequently discussed. Furthermore, the traditional means of communications are examined, followed by an analysis of Kenya's modern mass media system; including radio, television, print media and the internet. In closing, the paper's content is interpreted and the main questions are again addressed.
This thesis illustrates a qualitative analysis based on literature research and the investigation of scientific archival data such as papers of African and Western authors.
National identity refers to common criteria such as language, culture and religion, that constitute an ideological construct and therefore it is not static or constitutional. National identity is essentially a very instable, conflictual and dynamic phenomenon. There is no all-encompassing concept of identity in Africa and the search for identity represents several epochs of suppression. A reconditioning of common African concepts such as Negritude, authenticity, African personality, black consciousness and African myths could a well be the basis for unification, commonality and independence. Nevertheless, there never has and there never will be a uniform African identity.
The contribution of the media to the construction of identity is that electronic media is greatly involved in the modern construction of identity and therefore identities are products of communication. The media culture constitutes an important resource for the creation of identity for the modern leisure society. While identifying with medial characters, individuals can test their own forms of self-portrayal and its effect on others without real consequence.
Language is one of the most observable cultural criteria of a nation and belonging to a national culture remains an important source for a collective identity. Language is one factor that constitutes cultural identity. It is essential for the development of a cultural identity that a family unit is aware of and proficient in their own language. Culture provides the framework in which communication takes place and in turn culture develops through communication.
Due to crisisâs and instability in many African countries, democracy is often seen a waste of time. There are a variety of regimes in Africa, which include the multi-party, restricted parliament, along with despotic and military government, but almost all African countries democratic institutions and practices can not be assumed because people had to struggle for them and had to continually defend and restate their rights. It is difficult to analyse African politics since they are not clearly exposed to the public and post-colonial countries had to face many problems simultaneously, such as national integration and the creation of new political institutions, which other states faced in different historic periods and were thus able to deal with them one at a time.
Media and democracy: The battle for freedom of speech and therefore a free press is strongly connected to the theory of democracy. Therewith arose the suppression of free speech as an attribute of totalitarian and authoritarian systems. This has led to the slackening of the public's intellect. But the interplay of individuals with different knowledge and opinions is the very factor that creates the intellectual life within a democracy. Heinrich Oberreuter argues that democratic communication is the cement that stabilizes a democratic society.
Parts of Africa were amongst the earliest places to use the written word as a medium of communication, it has only been a relatively short period since this tradition replaced the dominant oral civilization. Traditional societies had an efficient communication system which was seen as a part of the public administration (smoke, drums, face-to-face). Oral literature refers not only to domestic entertainment, but also as a means of articulating authority networks in society and the fostering of societal knowledge. Oral art is an important tool to criticize rulers and for pedagogues to teach community values. As a cultural tool, oral art has received attention in the growth of cultural nationalism. Although governments have claimed to support oral performances, they have in fact domesticated artists to the political benefit of the ruling classes.
An overview of Mass media in Africa is directly connected with and dependent on the development of political institutions. One of the problems concerning communication is that the numerous indigenous languages in the different African countries hindered development of local media. Media still addresses the higher social classes which has, due to its better education, had easier access to media. Radio and television are the most important media used in the African economy. National governments use these media to propagate political information and public relations. There are several journalism schools in Africa nowadays. Small media holds a position between new and old media. It draws from both national and international sources and combines the themes of tradition, modernity and identity. It also has the ability to criticize state power and can incite political revolutions. It facilitates open dialogue and is more or less invisible whilst trying to achieve political goals
Individual Team Productivity - A Conceptual Approach
__Abstract__
Teams, in both firms and in sports, jointly produce a product. While a fixed task is assigned to each member of a team, the individual team productivity of a worker or player is difficult to conceptualize. This is particularly true, if this concept is aimed to be operable on observable data. In this paper we, therefore, propose two versions of a new concept of individual team productivity which is closely related to eigenvalue centrality; accordingly we refer to it as eigenvalue productivity. For each version of eigenvalue productivity we provide an example demonstrating the operability of our concept
Effective Biofilm Eradication on Orthopedic Implants with Methylene Blue Based Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy In Vitro
Periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) are difficult to treat due to biofilm formation on implant surfaces, often requiring removal or exchange of prostheses along with long-lasting antibiotic treatment. This in vitro study investigated the effect of methylene blue photodynamic therapy (MB-PDT) on PJI-causing biofilms on different implant materials. MB-PDT (664 nm LED, 15 J/cm2) was tested on different Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Cutibacterium acnes strains in both planktonic form and grown in early and mature biofilms on prosthetic materials (polyethylene, titanium alloys, cobaltâchrome-based alloys, and bone cement). The minimum bactericidal concentration with 100% killing (MBC100%) was determined. Chemical and topographical alterations were investigated on the prosthesis surfaces after MB-PDT. Results showed a MBC100% of 0.5â5 ÎŒg/mL for planktonic bacteria and 50â100 ÎŒg/mL for bacteria in biofilmsâindependent of the tested strain, the orthopedic material, or the maturity of the biofilm. Material testing showed no relevant surface modification. MB-PDT effectively eradicated common PJI pathogens on arthroplasty materials without damage to the materials, suggesting that MB-PDT could be used as a novel treatment method, replacing current, more invasive approaches and potentially shortening the antibiotic treatment in PJI. This would improve quality of life and reduce morbidity, mortality, and high health-care costs
Fast and Sensitive Multiplex Real-Time Quantitative PCR to Detect Cutibacterium Periprosthetic Joint Infections
Diagnosis of Cutibacterium periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) is challenging due to a long cultivation time of up to 14 days. Faster culture-independent diagnosis would improve patient care with early and accurate treatment. Specific primers and probes were designed for Cutibacterium acnes, Cutibacterium avidum, and Cutibacterium granulosum and evaluated in a multiplex TaqMan real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) format on 57 skin swabs and 20 culture-negative cerebrospinal fluid samples. The multiplex qPCR was tested in a PJI cohort of 41 sonication fluid samples from removed implants infected with different pathogens. All five culture-positive Cutibacterium PJIs were detected with the corresponding Cutibacterium-specific probe (100% positive percent agreement). The multiplex qPCR additionally detected C. avidum in two PJI sonication fluid samples that were diagnosed as Staphylococcus species infections according to culture (95% negative percent agreement). The new multiplex qPCR can provide a Cutibacterium PJI diagnosis within 1 day, allowing early and accurate antibiotic treatment. A prospective diagnostic trial in PJI with a high number of Cutibacterium species infections (shoulder PJI) is needed for further evaluation
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing is crucial when treating Finegoldia magna infections
Finegoldia magna is an anaerobic gram-positive bacterium that can cause invasive human infections. Recently, a 52-year-old patient suffering from a periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) due to F. magna was treated with cefepime on hemodialysis; however, treatment failed due to relapse caused by antibiotic-resistant strains. Reports on the antimicrobial susceptibility of F. magna clinical isolates are rare. We collected 57 clinical F. magna isolates from Zurich, Switzerland, between September 2019 and July 2020 and tested their antimicrobial susceptibility to investigate the local resistance pattern. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was evaluated for nine antibiotics (benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefuroxime, cefepime, levofloxacin, rifampicin, metronidazole, doxycycline, and clindamycin) by E-test according to CLSI guidelines. All F. magna strains were susceptible to benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and metronidazole, while 75% to clindamycin. F. magna isolates showed MIC values lower than species-unrelated breakpoints for cefuroxime, levofloxacin, and cefepime in 93%, 56%, and 32% of the cases, respectively. MIC values for rifampicin and doxycycline were lower than locally determined ECOFFs in 98% and 72% of the cases, respectively. In summary, we recommend the use of benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, or metronidazole without prior AST as first-line treatment option against F. magna PJI infections. If cefuroxime, cefepime, levofloxacin, rifampicin, doxycycline, or clindamycin are used, AST is mandatory.
Keywords: Antimicrobial susceptibility; Cefepime; Finegoldia magna; Periprosthetic joint infectio
Clonality of CD4+ Blood T Cells Predicts Longer Survival With CTLA4 or PD-1 Checkpoint Inhibition in Advanced Melanoma
Recognition of cancer antigens drives the clonal expansion of cancer-reactive T cells, which is thought to contribute to restricted T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoires in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). To understand how tumors escape anti-tumor immunity, we investigated tumor-associated T-cell repertoires of patients with advanced melanoma and after blockade of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) or programmed cell death 1 (PD-1). TCR VÎČ-gene spectratyping allowed us to quantify restrictions of T-cell repertoires and, further, diversities of T-cell clones. In this study, we show that the blood TCR repertoires were variably restricted in CD4+ and extensively restricted in CD8+ T cells of patients with advanced melanoma, and contained clones in both T-cell fractions prior to the start of immunotherapy. A greater diversification especially of CD4+ blood T-cell clones before immunotherapy showed statistically significant correlations with long-term survival upon CTLA4 or PD-1 inhibition. Analysis of TILs and corresponding blood available in one patient indicated that blood clonality may at least partially be related to the clonal expansion in the tumor microenvironment. In patients who developed severe immune-related adverse events (IrAEs), CD4+ and CD8+ TCR spectratypes became more restricted during anti-CTLA4 treatment, suggesting that newly expanded oligoclonal T-cell responses may contribute to IrAEs. This study reveals diverse T-cell clones in the blood of melanoma patients prior to immunotherapy, which may reflect the extent to which T cells are able to react against melanoma and potentially control melanoma progression. Therefore, the T-cell clonality in the circulation may have predictive value for antitumor responses from checkpoint inhibition
- âŠ