Safe Wheat Protection by Obligate Presence of Lr 29 Gene

Product of Lr 29 gene was still founded to be only one that accelerated degraded all of applied pesticides based on dithiocarbamate, phtalamide, neonicotnoide, glyphosate and bentazone containing sulfur or phosphorus. Shortened currency time facilitated their application in optimal time for targets reduction and safe wheat production in regions with short grain filling periods. Suggestion for its obligate presence in assortment there supported even lowest founded number of Lr genes groups enough for durable resistance to leaf rust cause handling as well as decreased amount of sulfur in gluten

Karakterizacija korenovog sistema biljaka primenom savremenih metoda fenotipizacije

The traits of the root system enable the plant to react, adapt and develop in different environmental conditions. The architecture of the root system is a basic component of the productivity of plants and involves morphological, anatomical and physiological characteristics of root. The studies of the architecture of the root system (RSA) and its modelling is in progress. The paper points to the importance and strategies of developing plant phenotyping, their advantages and limitations as well as possibilities of practical application to plant breeding and production technology. Also, a semi-hydroponic platform for phenotyping of the root system is shown, accompanied by developed models for the construction of the architecture of the underground part of the plant under certain environmental conditions that allow the simulation of biological, physical and chemical processes in the soil. Different models that follow the development of the root system are most often the result of the analysis of morphological and physiological characteristics while their empirical approach has so far been tested on a large number of plant species.Osobine korenovog sistema omogućuju biljkama da reaguju, prilagode se i razvijaju u različitim uslovima spoljašnje sredine. Arhitektura korenovog sistema je jedna od osnovnih komponenti produktivnosti biljaka i podrazumeva morfološke, anatomske i fiziološke osobine korena. Danas se sve više istražuje arhitektura korenovog sistema (Root system architecture, RSA), kao i njegovo modeliranje (modelling plant root system). U radu se ukazuje na značaj i strategije razvoja fenotipizacije biljaka, njihove prednosti i ograničenja, kao i mogućnosti praktične primene u oplemenjivanju biljaka i tehnologiji proizvodnje. Takođe prikazana je i polu–hidroponska platforma za fenotipizaciju korenovog sistema, kao i razvijeni modeli za konstrukciju arhitekture podzemnog dela biljke u određenim uslovima sredine koji omogućuju simuliranje bioloških, fizičkih i hemijskih procesa u zemljištu. Različiti modeli koji prate razvoj korenovog sistema najčešće su rezultat analize važnijih morfoloških i fizioloških osobina, a njihova empirijska primena je do sada testirana na većem broju biljnih vrsta u svetu

Arhitektura korenovog sistema kukuruza za efikasnije usvajanje fosfora: novija saznanja

Phosphorus (P) is one of the most deficient and readily available element in the soil. Lower ability of roots to uptake P from soil with a low P content is the main obstacle to increase its utilization. The architecture of the root system depends on the distribution of phosphorus in soil profile in relation to tillage systems, rhizosphere pH, water content in the soil, as well as the type and time of application of mineral fertilizers. The differences of species (or genotype) in the root system design and their adsorption ability, size of root hairs etc., are responsible for the difference in uptake and movement of P in the soil. For maize, the differences between certain genotypes occur in the length of the primary root, root branching corner, the number and length of lateral roots and root hair elongation which gives the possibility of selecting the root to obtain hybrids with increased effect on phosphorus absorption as well as on other nutrients and water.Fosfor (P) je često jedan od deficitarnijih i nepristupačnijih elemenata u zemljištu. Slabija sposobnost korena da usvaja P iz zemljišta sa niskom koncentracijom ovog elementa je glavna prepreka za povećanje njegove iskorišćenosti. Arhitektura korenovog sistema zavisi od distribucije hraniva po profilu zemljišta, što je uslovljeno vrstom obrade tla, pH vrednošću rizosfere, sadržajem vode u zemljištu, kao i načinom i vremenom primene mineralnih đubriva. Razlike u korenovom sistemu pojedinih vrsta (ili genotipova), njihova sposobnost usvajanja, veličina i raspored korenskih dlačica i dr. odgovorni su za različitost usvajanja P u tlu. Kod kukuruza, razlike između pojedinih genotipova javljaju se u dužini primarnog korena, uglu grananja, broju i dužini lateralnih korenova, kao i izduživanju korenskih dlačica što pruža mogućnost za stvaranje hibrida sa poboljšanim korenovim sistemom za efikasnije usvajanje vode i mineralnih materija

Testing of wheat to durable resistance and survey approach for Puccinia recondita tritici

The main objective within new approach in international pathogenicity surveys of Puccinia recondita tritici was to provide genetically diverse sources of resistance (wheat lines with pyramiding resistant genes) to be used in a survey of wheat leaf rust pathogen in European-Mediterranean regions and to search for and document pathogenicity of P. recondita tritici cultures useful in differentiating sources of resistance. Emphasis is placed on sources of resistance and their usefulness rather than on description of fungus populations. In this international survey new methods have been applied containing Central Field Nursery, Central Seedling Tests, Cooperative Seedling Tests and Regional Field Nurseries (ELRWN-European Leaf Rust of Wheat Nursery). The results have been reported from one year of investigations. ELRWN contained 20 winter wheat hybrid lines with pyramiding resistant genes including strong ones Lr9, Lr19 and Lr24. In addition, 16 spring wheat lines were included, as control lines were Lr9, Lr18, Lr19, Lr24 and Lr14. In that year ELRWN have been realized in 13 countries and cooperative seedling test in 8 countries using 22 pathotypes of P. recondita tritici. The best results obtained by the winter wheat lines NS-66/5'Lr24, NS-77/2'Lr19, NS- 37/2'Lr19 and spring wheat lines 647-CMA-14793 and 26TH-ESWYT-10. The results have shown loosing almost complete resistance of Lr9 and Lr24, but much less Lr19

THE IMPACTS AND ADAPTIONS OF TRANSGENIC PLANTS IN AGROECOSYSTEMS

There is a multitude of concerns about the impact of genetically modified crops (GMC’s) on the environment. The main important enviromental assessment of GM crops are putative invasiveness, vertical and/or horizontal gene flow, other ecological mechanisms, effects on biodiversity and the impact of presence of GM material in other products. These invetigations are all highly interdisciplinary and complex issues. Deposite the potential benefits of this new technology to improve the reliability and quality of the world food supply, public and scientific concerns have been raised about the environmental and food safety of Gm crops. In these paper same of most important problems related to the GM crops into the environment are inspect such as; plant protection, ecological effects of HRCs, gene flow, biodiversity, stress, effects on the soil ecosystem etc. Not enough scientific research has been done to evaluate the environmental and health risks of GMC’s, an unfortunate trend. Most scientists feel that such knowledge is crucial to have before biotechnological innovations are implemented. There is a clear need to further assess the severity, magnitude and scope of risks associated with the massive field deployment of transgenic crops. The putative impacts identified for GMC’s are very similar to the impacts of new cultivars derived from traditional breeding. When assessing GMC’s relative to existing cultivars, the increased knowledge base underpinning the development of GMC’s will provide greater confidence in the assurances plants science can give on the risks of releasing such crops

DNA Demethylation Induces Tree Peony Flowering with a Low Deformity Rate Compared to Gibberellin by Inducing <i>PsFT</i> Expression under Forcing Culture Conditions

Gibberellin (GA) is frequently used in tree peony forcing culture, but inappropriate application often causes flower deformity. Here, 5-azacytidine (5-azaC), an efficient DNA demethylating reagent, induced tree peony flowering with a low deformity rate by rapidly inducing PsFT expression, whereas GA treatment affected various flowering pathway genes with strong pleiotropy. The 5-azaC treatment, but not GA, significantly reduced the methylation level in the PsFT promoter with the demethylation of five CG contexts in a 369 bp CG-rich region, and eight light-responsive related cis-elements were also predicted in this region, accompanied by enhanced leaf photosynthetic efficiency. Through GO analysis, all methylation-closer differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were located in the thylakoid, the main site for photosynthesis, and were mainly involved in response to stimulus and single-organism process, whereas GA-closer DEGs had a wider distribution inside and outside of cells, associated with 12 categories of processes and regulations. We further mapped five candidate DEGs with potential flowering regulation, including three kinases (SnRK1, WAK2, and 5PTase7) and two bioactive enzymes (cytochrome P450 and SBH1). In summary, 5-azaC and GA may have individual roles in inducing tree peony flowering, and 5-azaC could be a preferable regulation approach; DNA demethylation is suggested to be more focused on flowering regulation with PsFT playing a core role through promoter demethylation. In addition, 5-azaC may partially undertake or replace the light-signal function, combined with other factors, such as SnRK1, in regulating flowering. This work provides new ideas for improving tree peony forcing culture technology