Biotehnološke metode bioremedijacije selena iz raznih dijelova okoliša: pregled

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for human health in trace amounts but is harmful in excess. Most plants contain a fairly low Se and crop Se supplements ensure adequate levels for human nutritional needs. Food is the primary source of Se for humans and due to differences in eating habits, its intake varies considerably. In the human body, selenium deficiency can lead to diseases of the endocrine, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, reproductive, nervous and immune systems. Selenium is an important ingredient in glutathione peroxidase, the main cellular antioxidant enzyme, which can convert free radicals into peroxides, while vitamin E removes free radicals and neutralizes their potentially harmful effects. Excessive amounts of selenium in the human diet are considered toxic, causing liver and kidney damage, blood clotting, heart and liver necrosis, skin lesions, nausea, vomiting, and loss of hair and nails. Semiconducting properties of Se make it of special value for industry. Selenium is a rare element on the planet, and is a non-renewable resource due to its non-efficient and difficult recycling. Except of coal, which is commonly enriched in Se, there are no ores which could be mined for it. Herewith, the world\u27s scarce Se resources need a careful management, monitoring, recycling, and stockpiling for future generations. The first part of this review outlines selenium concentrations in soil, water, and plants in terms of essential and toxicological effects on animals and humans, while the second part briefly overviews novel biotechnological methods of bioremediation of environmental selenium.Niske koncentracije selenija (Se) bitne su za ljudsko zdravlje, ali one prekomjerne su štetne. Većina biljaka sadrži prilično nizak Se, a njegovi dodatci usjevima osiguravaju odgovarajuće razine Se za ljudske prehrambene potrebe. Hrana je primarni izvor Se za ljude, a zbog razlika u prehrambenim navikama, njegov unos znatno varira. U ljudskom tijelu nedostatak selenija može dovesti do bolesti endokrinog, mišićno-koštanog, kardiovaskularnog, reproduktivnog, živčanog i imunološkog sustava. Selenij je važan sastojak glutation peroksidaze, glavnog staničnog antioksidativnog enzima, koji može pretvoriti slobodne radikale u perokside, dok vitamin E uklanja slobodne radikale i neutralizira njihovo potencijalno štetno djelovanje. Pretjerane količine selenija u ljudskoj prehrani smatraju se toksičnima, uzrokujući oštećenje jetre i bubrega, zgrušavanje krvi, nekrozu srca i jetre, kožne lezije, mučninu, povraćanje te gubitak kose i noktiju. Poluvodička svojstva selenija čine ga posebno vrijednim u industriji. Selenij je rijedak element na planetu Zemlji te je neobnovljiv resurs zbog neučinkovitog i teškog recikliranja. Osim ugljena, koji je obično obogaćen selenijem, orudnjenja selenija ne postoje. Stoga je oskudnim svjetskim resursima Se potrebno pažljivo upravljati, pratiti, oporabiti i skladištiti za buduće generacije. U prvom dijelu ovog preglednog članka prikazane su koncentracije selenija u tlu, vodi i biljkama u kontekstu esencijalnih i toksikoloških učinaka na životinje i ljude, dok su u drugom dijelu ukratko prikazane inovativne biotehnološke metode bioremedijacije selenija iz okoliša

Food-associated intoxication in Pets: Xylitol and Salt

Nastavno prethodnim radovima u kojima su opisana otrovanja pasa i mačaka čokoladom, kavom, grožđem te lukom i oraščićima makadamije u ovom radu opisana su otrovanja dodatcima hrani: zaslađivačem ksilitolom i narijevim kloridom (solju). Ustvrđeno je da u pasa, za razliku od ljudi, intravenozna primjena ksilitola prouzroči sekreciju inzulina koju prati pad razine glukoze u krvi, a i ingestija ksilitola povezana je s otkazivanjem funkcija jetre. Povraćanje je uobičajeno prvi znak otrovanja. Klinički znaci hipoglikemije, uključujući pospanost, ataksiju, kolaps i napadaje, mogu se razviti u roku od 30-60 minuta nakon ingestije, ali i kasnije. U pasa u kojih se razvila disfunkcija jetre mogu se vidjeti letargija, žutica, povraćanje, znaci koagulopatije. Moguća je i pojava proljeva i stvaranje plinova u crijevima, kao i smrtni ishod zbog zatajenja jetre. Liječenje se provodi, ovisno o kliničkim znacima otrovanja, intravenoznom primjenom dekstroze ili primjenom zaštitne terapije za jetru i antioksidanata ili je složenije. Otrovanje solju obično je izravno povezano s ograničenim pristupom vodi, a hipernatrijemija se zbog pretjeranog unosa soli u kućnih ljubimaca rijetko događa. Akutna toksična doza natrijevog klorida u pasa je 4 g/kg tjelesne mase, a mehanizam toksičnog učinka je složen. Klinički znaci otrovanja solju u pasa postaju vidljivi kada je serumska koncentracija natrija viša od 170 mEq/L, a teški živčani simptomi kada je viša od 180 mEq/L. Prvi znaci nakon peroralnog unosa soli u organizam su povraćanje i proljev. Ovisno o dužini izloženosti i stupnju hipernatrijemije najčešće se javljaju znaci povezani sa živčanim sustavom koji uključuju: depresiju, letargiju, ukočenost mišićja, podrhtavanje, poliuriju, polidipsiju, miokloniju, pretjerano jake reflekse, terminalne napadaje i komu. Primarni cilj terapije je eliminacija viška natrija iz organizma, odnosno polagani povratak ravnoteže vode i elektrolita. Cilj rada je informirati veterinare i vlasnike životinja o potencijalno toksičnim tvarima za kućne ljubimce kako bi mogli djelovati preventivno i izbjeći rizik od otrovanja uklanjanjem tih tvari iz njihovog dosega.Following a previous study which described poisoning with chocolate, coffee, grapes, macadamia nuts, onions and garlic, this paper described poisoning in dogs with the natural sweetener xylitol and sodium chloride (salt). It has been found that in dogs, contrary to humans, intravenous administration of xylitol causes insulin secretion followed by a decrease in blood glucose levels, and ingestion of xylitol is associated with the loss of liver function. Vomiting is often reported as the first clinical sign. Clinical signs of hypoglycaemia, including lethargy, ataxia, collapse and seizures may develop within 30-60 minutes after ingestion, though also later. In dogs with liver dysfunction, lethargy, jaundice, vomiting, signs of coagulopathy can be seen. Diarrhoea and intestinal gas production can also occur, and liver failure may potentially cause a deadly outcome. Treatment is performed by intravenous administration of dextrose or by using protective therapy for the liver and antioxidants or may be more complex, depending on the clinical signs of poisoning. Salt poisoning is usually directly related to restricted access by water and hypernatremia as excessive salt intake rarely occurs in pets. The acute toxic dose of sodium chloride in dogs is 4 g/kg of body weight, and the mechanism of the toxic effect is complex. Clinical signs of salt poisoning in dogs become apparent when the serum sodium concentration is higher than 170 mEq/L, and severe neural symptoms occur at levels greater than 180 mEq/L. The first signs after the oral intake of salt into the body are vomiting and diarrhoea. Depending on the length of exposure and the degree of hypernatremia, signs of nerve- related disorders include: depression, lethargy, muscular rigidity, tremors, polyuria, polydipsia, myoclonus, hyperreflexia, terminal seizures and coma. Elimination of excess sodium from the body is the primary goal of therapy, i.e. a slow return the animal to normal water and electrolyte balance. The aim of this paper is to raise awareness about potentially toxic substances for pets among veterinarians and animal owners, so they can act preventively by avoiding their storage in places accessible to pets

Pet poisoning with addictive agents - central nervous system depressants

Nastavno prethodnim radovima u koji- ma su opisana otrovanja pasa i mačaka hra- nom i dodatcima hrani: čokoladom, kavom, grožđem, lukom i oraščićima makadamije te ksilitolom i solju u ovom su radu opisana otrovanja sredstvima koja izazivaju ovisnost odnosno nekim depresorima središnjeg živ- čanog sustava: marihuanom, opioidima, „klupskim“ drogama - flunitrazepam i ga- mahidroksibutirat (GHB). Ilegalni lijekovi ili zloporabne droge su vrlo čest uzrok otrovanja kućnih ljubimaca od kojih su psi najprijemlji- viji. Otrovanje nastaje zbog slučajne ingestije, krivog doziranja, ali i zlonamjernih trovanja. Ingestija zloporabnih droga predstavlja dija- gnostički, često i etički izazov veterinarima kliničarima, a vlasnici vrlo često nisu uop- će svjesni čemu je životinja bila izložena. U ovom radu opisani su toksični učinci najče- šćih depresora središnjeg živčanog sustava u kontekstu veterinarske toksikologije - izvori otrovanja, toksičnost, toksikokinetika, meha- nizam toksičnog djelovanja, klinički znakovi otrovanja, dijagnostika i liječenje otrovanih životinja. Cilj ovog rada je detaljan opis naj- češćih lijekova koji se zloupotrebljuju, klinički protokol te terapija otrovanih životinja u svr- hu informiranja vlasnika životinja u smislu preventivnog djelovanja i izbjegavanja rizika kontakta životinja s navedenim lijekovima.Following previous work in which we described poisoning with food and food ad- ditives: chocolate, coffee, grapes, macadamia nuts, onions and garlic, xylitol and salt this paper described the poisoning with the most common central nervous system depressants (marijuana, barbiturates, opioids, “club” drugs-flunitrazepam and Gamma hydroxy- butyrate (GHB)). Exposure to illegal drugs is very common cause of companion animal poi- soning, of which dogs are the most susceptible. The poisoning is due to accidental ingestion, wrong dosage, but also malicious poisoning. Illegal drug ingestion presents both diagnostic and ethical challenge to the clinician and pet owners may not be aware of what the animal was exposed to. This work describes the most common central nervous system depressants in context of veterinary toxicology - sources of poisoning, toxicity, toxicokinetic, mechanism of action-clinical signs of poisoning, diagnos- tics and treatment of poisoned animals. The aim of this thesis is a detailed description of the most commonly used drugs, clinical pro- tocol and treatment of poisoned animals in order to raise awareness for animal owners in terms of preventive action and avoiding the risk of animal contact with these drugs

Foodstuffs toxic to dogs: macadamia nuts and onions

Među najčešća otrovanja kućnih ljubimaca spadaju otrovanja humanim lijekovima i onima koji se izdaju bez recepta, veterinarskim lijekovima, insekticidima, rodenticidima, kemikalijama koje se koriste u kućanstvima, gnojivom i kućnim biljkama, a vrlo važna su i otrovanja hranom za ljude koja može biti otrovna za pse i mačke. Različita hrana koja nije štetna za ljude ili je štetna samo u velikim količinama, može prouzročiti teška otrovanja ili čak uginuće životinja. Vlasnici životinja često nisu svjesni te činjenice i nehotice ih mogu hraniti potencijalno toksičnim tvarima, vjerujući da ono što nije štetno za njih ne može biti štetno niti za njihove ljubimce. Važan izvor informacija o otrovanjima pasa i mačaka su periodična izvješća centara za hitnu pomoć pri otrovanju kućnih ljubimaca, iz brojnih zemalja. Nastavno prethodnom radu u kojem su opisana otrovanja čokoladom, kavom, grožđem i grožđicama, koja su najčešća otrovanja hranom, u ovom radu opisana su otrovanja pasa i mačaka oraščićima makadamije, lukom i češnjakom, tj. biljkama iz roda Allium, koji se isto tako ubrajaju u 10 najznačajnijih namirnica toksičnih za kućne ljubimce. Osim mogućih izvora otrovanja, opisani su mehanizmi toksičnog djelovanja i toksične doze, znaci otrovanja te preporučeni postupci s otrovanom životinjom. Znaci otrovanja pasa oriščićima makadamije javljaju se do 12 sati nakon ingestije, a karakterističan simptom otrovanja je slabost i nemoć koja je jače izražena u stražnjim nogama. Otrovane životinje se uglavnom potpuno oporave za dva dana bez liječenja. Klinički znaci otrovanja pasa i mačaka lukom razviju se 24 sata od ingestije ili nekoliko dana kasnije, ovisno o količini pojedenog luka. Najčešći klinički znaci najprije su povraćanje, proljev, bol u trbuhu, gubitak apetita i depresija te razvoj anemije posljedica koje su blijede sluznice, slabost, ubrzano disanje, ubrzan rad srca. Žutica i tamna mokraća (crvenkasta ili smeđa posljedica su methemoglobinemije i hemoglobinurije. Cilj ovog rada je informirati veterinare i vlasnike životinja o potencijalno toksičnim tvarima za kućne ljubimce kako bi mogli djelovati preventivno i izbjeći rizik od otrovanja uklanjanjem tih tvari iz prehrane i spremanjem na mjesta koja im nisu dostupna.Pet poisoning is most common with human drugs and over-the-counter drugs, veterinary drugs, insecticides, rodenticides, household chemicals, fertilizers and houseplants. Another important source is poisoning with human foods that may be toxic for dogs and cats. Different foods that are not harmful to humans or that are harmful only in large quantities can cause severe poisoning or even death of animals. Animal owners are often unaware of this fact and inadvertently may keep potentially toxic substances, believing that what is not harmful to them cannot be harmful to their pets. Important sources of information on poisoning of dogs and cats are the periodical reports of emergency centres for pet poisoning from many countries. As a follow-up to a previous study that described poisoning with chocolate, coffee, grapes and raisins, as the most common sources of food poisoning, this paper describes the poisoning of dogs and cats with macadamia nuts, onions and garlic, i.e. plants of the genus Allium, which are among the 10 most toxic foods for pets. Apart from possible sources of poisoning, we describe the mechanisms of toxicity and the toxic dose, signs of poisoning, and recommended treatment of the poisoned animals. Signs of poisoning with macadamia nuts in may occur up to 12 hours after ingestion, and a characteristic symptom is weakness which is more pronounced in the hind legs. Poisoned animals generally recover completely within two days without treatment. Clinical signs of poisoning with onions in dogs and cats develops within 24 hours of ingestion or a few days later, depending on the amount eaten. The most common clinical signs are vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, loss of appetite and depression, as well as the development of anaemia resulting in pale mucous membranes, weakness, shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat. Jaundice and dark urine (reddish or brown) are the result of methemoglobinemia and haemoglobinuria. The aim of this paper is to raise awareness about potentially toxic substances for pets among veterinarians and animal owners, so they can act preventively, by avoiding their consumption or storage in places accessible to pets

Neškodljivost peroralne primjene sulfadimidin natrija u činčila (Chinchilla lanigera)

Safety of peroral sulfadimidine sodium (sulfamethazine) treatment was tested on two chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) groups. Sulfadimidine sodium was administered in drinking water to male chinchillas aged 5.5 to 7.5 months. Concentration of active ingredient in water was 960 and 1600 mg/l, respectively. During the initial five days the animals were drinking non-medicated water and, subsequently, over five consecutive days, water with sulfadimidine sodium. Sulfadimidine sodium, in concentrations of 960 and 1600 mg/l, did not influence the general health status of chinchillas or quality of faeces and body weight during and after the five-day treatment, nor did it influence the quality of fur, clearness of its colour and its density, which were unchanged immediately after the experiment and at 2.5 months post-treatment. This finding can be considered favourable for chinchilla breeders. Consumption of water with dissolved sulfadimidine, in relation to the non-medicated water intake, was reduced by 10% in group 960 mg/l (P>0.05), and by 24% in group 1600 mg/l (P0,05), a u skupini koja je dobivala 1600 mg/l za 24% (P <0,01). Peroralnim davanjem otopine sulfadimidin natrija u koncentracijama od 960 i 1600 mg/l postignut je prosječni dnevni unos ovog antimikrobnog lijeka od 62,36 ± 4,37 i 89,66 ± 8,46 mg/kg t.m. Navedene doze u suglasju su s opće prihvaćenim dnevnim dozama sulfadimidina za većinu životinjskih vrsta od 50 do 100 mg/kg t.m. Na temelju postignutih rezultata može se preporučiti primjena sulfadimidin natrija u vodi za piće u obje navedene koncentracije za liječenje bakterijskih infekcija činčila i to prije svega onih probavnog, mokraćnog i dišnog sustava, a u okolnostima kada su izdvojeni mikroorganizmi ili protozoi osjetljivi na ovaj sintetski kemoterapeutik

POVIŠENE RAZINE OPASNIH ELEMENATA U TRAGOVIMA (CD, CU, PB, SE, ZN) U TKIVIMA PTICA U KONTEKSTU RAŠKIM UGLJENOM ONEČIŠĆENA OKOLIŠA

The mining and burning of Croatian Raša coal had resulted in release of various contaminants into the local environment. They have remained in the local soil, water, and plants, and became available to animals through their consumption. In this study, tissue samples from a total of 12 birds from the Raša area and 8 birds from a control area were subjected to multi-element analysis (Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Cd, Pb) by ICP-MS. The obtained results showed increased Se and Cd concentrations in some bird tissue samples compared to the control area. The highest concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Se were found in the liver, while the highest concentrations of Cd and Pb were found in the kidneys. Although some hazardous trace elements were elevated in the tissues of game species, the risk of consuming meat and offal of such species has been found to be very low.Rudarske i industrijske aktivnosti povezane s raškim ugljenom rezultirale su ispuštanjem raznih onečišćujućih tvari u lokalni okoliš. Te tvari i dalje su prisutne u lokalnome tlu, vodi i biljkama te su dostupne životinjama unosom hrane. U ovome istraživanju uzorci tkiva ukupno 12 ptica iz područja Raše te 8 ptica iz kontrolnoga područja podvrgnuti su multielementnoj (Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Cd, Pb) analizi s pomoću metode ICP-MS. Dobiveni rezultati pokazali su povišene koncentracije Se i Cd u nekim uzorcima tkiva ptica u usporedbi s kontrolnim područjem. Najveće koncentracije Cu, Zn i Se nađene su u uzorcima jetre, dok su najviše koncentracije Cd i Pb nađene u bubrezima. Iako su neki opasni elementi u tragovima povišeni u tkivima prikupljenih divljih ptica, analizom podataka utvrđeno je da je rizik od prehrambena unosa (meso i iznutrice) tih vrsta vrlo nizak

Koncentracije kadmija i olova u tkivima dobrog (Tursiops truncatus) i plavobijelog dupina (Stenella coeruleoalba) nasukanih na hrvatskoj obali Jadranskoga mora.

Concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry in the livers, kidneys and muscles of 15 bottlenose (Tursiops truncatus) and two striped (Stenella coeruleoalba) dolphins, stranded dead along the Croatian Adriatic coast from 1990 to 1999. Cd concentrations (μg/g wet weight (w.w.)) ranged from 0.004 to 0.670 in muscle, from 0.004 to 1.842 in kidney and from 0.004 to 2.548 in liver tissues. Similarly, total Pb concentrations (μg/g w.w.) ranged from 0.01 to 0.46 in muscles, from 0.01 to 0.95 in kidneys and from 0.01 to 2.38 in livers. Cd and Pb concentrations revealed no significant differences between adults (n = 10; >6 years) and juveniles (n = 7; liver>muscle, which is a typical Cd distribution pattern. Significant positive correlations of Cd concentrations were found between livers and kidneys (r = 0.63, P = 0.015), and livers and muscles (r = 0.74, P = 0.0008). Furthermore, a significant positive correlation of Pb concentrations was determined between kidneys and muscles (r = 0.75, P = 0.001), opposite to the significant negative correlation between liver and muscle Pb concentrations (r = -0.66, P = 0.004). Our study reports the Cd and Pb concentrations in tissues of the most abundant delphinid species in the Adriatic Sea, sampled over a 10-year period. These data are required for future studies on toxic metal accumulations and their dynamics in Adriatic dolphins and in the Adriatic environment.Koncentracije kadmija (Cd) i olova (Pb) određene su u uzorcima jetrenog, mišićnog i bubrežnog tkiva 15 dobrih (Tursiops truncatus) i 2 plavobijela (Stenella coeruleoalba) dupina uginulih od 1990. do 1999. godine uzduž hrvatskog dijela Jadranskoga mora. Koncentracija kadmija kretala se od 0,004 do 0,670 μg/g u mišiću, 0,004 do 1,842 μg/g u bubregu i od 0,004 do 2,548 μg/g u jetri (vlažna težina). Koncentracije olova kretale su se od 0,01 do 0,46 μg/g u mišiću, od 0,01 do 0,95 μg/g u bubregu i od 0,01 do 2,38 μg/g u jetri. Razlika u koncentracijama Cd i Pb u tkivima mladih (n = 7; 6 godina) životinja nije bila statistički značajna. Srednje vrijednosti Cd kretale su se prema uobičajenoj distribuciji od najviše u bubrezima prema najnižoj u mišićima (bubrezi>jetra>mišići). Statistički značajnu pozitivnu korelaciju pokazuju koncentracija Cd u jetri i bubrezima (r = 0,63, P = 0,015) i koncentracija u jetri i mišiću (r = 0,74, P = 0,0008). Jednako tako statistički značajnu pozitivnu korelaciju pokazuju koncentracija Pb u bubrezima i u mišiću (r = 0,75, P = 0,001), dok je između jetre i mišića korelacija negativna (r = -0,66, P = 0,004). Ovim istraživanjem koje obuhvaća raspon od 10 godina određene su koncentracije Cd i Pb u tkivima najučestalijih vrsta dupina Jadranskoga mora. Utvrđene razine teških metala osnova su za buduća istraživanja njihove koncentracije i dinamike u jadranskim dupinima, ali i cjelokupnom jadranskom okolišu

Procjena izloženosti kadmiju, olovu i živi pri konzumaciji slobodne divljači u Hrvatskoj

Free-living game can be an important source of dietary cadmium and lead; the question is whether exposure to these two elements is such that it might cause adverse health effects in the consumers. The aim of this study was to estimate dietary exposure to cadmium, lead, and mercury from free-living big game (fallow deer, roe deer, red deer, wild boar, and brown bear), and to mercury from small game (pheasant and hare), hunted in Croatia from 1990 to 2012. The exposure assessment was based on available literature data and our own measurements of metal levels in the tissues of the game, by taking into account different consumption frequencies (four times a year, once a month and once a week). Exposure was expressed as percentage of (provisional) tolerable weekly intake [(P)TWI] values set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Consumption of game meat (0.002-0.5 % PTWI) and liver (0.005-6 % PTWI) assumed for the general population (four times a year) does not pose a health risk to consumers from the general population, nor does monthly (0.02-6 % PTWI) and weekly (0.1-24 % PTWI) consumption of game meat. However, because of the high percentage of free-living game liver and kidney samples exceeding the legislative limits for cadmium (2-99 %) and lead (1-82 %), people should keep the consumption of certain game species’ offal as low as possible. Children and pregnant and lactating women should avoid eating game offal altogether. Free-living game liver could be an important source of cadmium if consumed on a monthly basis (3-74 % TWI), and if consumed weekly (11-297 % TWI), it could even give rise to toxicological concern.Procjena izloženosti kadmiju, olovu i živi pri konzumaciji slobodne divljači u Hrvatskoj Slobodna divljač značajan je izvor kadmija i olova u prehrani ljudi te se nameće pitanje je li izloženost ovim metalima tolika da može štetno utjecati na zdravlje potrošača. Procijenili smo izloženost kadmiju, olovu i živi pri konzumaciji velike slobodne divljači (jelen lopatar, srna, obični jelen, divlja svinja i smeđi medvjed) te živi pri konzumaciji male divljači (fazan, zec) koja je ulovljena u Hrvatskoj između 1990. i 2012. godine. Procjena izloženosti temelji se na dostupnim literaturnim podacima i našim rezultatima mjerenja metala u tkivima divljači te različitoj učestalosti konzumacije (četiri puta godišnje, jedanput mjesečno, jedanput tjedno). Izloženost je prikazana kao postotak vrijednosti (privremeno) prihvatljivog tjednog unosa [(P)TWI] koju je postavila Europska agencija za sigurnost hrane (EFSA). Izloženost toksičnim metalima pri rijetkoj konzumaciji (pretpostavljena za opću populaciju) mesa (0,002-0,5 % PTWI) i jetre divljači (0,005-6 % PTWI) ne predstavlja zdravstveni rizik za potrošače, kao ni redovita (0,02-6 % PTWI) i česta (0,1-24 % PTWI) konzumacija mesa divljači. Preporuka je što više smanjiti konzumaciju iznutrica nekih vrsta divljači zbog visokog postotka uzoraka jetre, a posebno bubrega, koji prelaze zakonom propisane maksimalne razine kadmija (2-99 %) i olova (1-82 %). Djeca, trudnice i dojilje trebale bi izbjegavati konzumaciju iznutrica divljači. Jetra divljači može biti značajan dodatni izvor kadmija ako se redovito konzumira (3- 74 % PTWI), a čestom konzumacijom jetre (11-297 % PTWI) može se povećati rizik od štetnih učinaka na zdravlje