Evidence for Archaean lamprophyre from the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa

A suite of mafic dykes occurs as a late component in a wellcharacterized trondhjemite–tonalite–diorite–granodiorite assemblage in the Johannesburg Dome of the central Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa. The dykes have been subdivided into two sets, based on their orientation, and major and trace element geochemistry. Set 1 dykes are characterized by elevated SiO2, Al2O3 and TiO2, and particularly by enriched LILE and HSFE (e.g. Zr > 200 ppm, Nb > 20 ppm, Ba > 300 ppm), higher than in any of the accompanying felsic rocks. REE and trace element values for Set 1 dykes are similar to those for calc-alkaline lamprophyres. The Set 2 dykes have similar trace element distributions, but are significantly less enriched in general, and are broadly tholeiitic in composition, with enriched MgO (>11 wt. percentage) indicative of an olivine–phyric tholeiitic basaltic protolith. Field relationships and available U–Pb zircon geochronology indicate that the dykes are contemporaneous with components of the trondhjemitic host rocks, and with late granodiorites. The geochemical, geochronological and field petrological setting indicates partial melting of basaltic and eclogitic lithosphere at c. 3120 Myr ago in the basal Kaapvaal Craton, and subsequent emplacement into pre-existing c. 3430 Myr tonalitic to dioritic crust

Evidence for Archaean lamprophyre from the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa

A suite of mafic dykes occurs as a late component in a wellcharacterized trondhjemite–tonalite–diorite–granodiorite assemblage in the Johannesburg Dome of the central Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa. The dykes have been subdivided into two sets, based on their orientation, and major and trace element geochemistry. Set 1 dykes are characterized by elevated SiO2, Al2O3 and TiO2, and particularly by enriched LILE and HSFE (e.g. Zr > 200 ppm, Nb > 20 ppm, Ba > 300 ppm), higher than in any of the accompanying felsic rocks. REE and trace element values for Set 1 dykes are similar to those for calc-alkaline lamprophyres. The Set 2 dykes have similar trace element distributions, but are significantly less enriched in general, and are broadly tholeiitic in composition, with enriched MgO (>11 wt. percentage) indicative of an olivine–phyric tholeiitic basaltic protolith. Field relationships and available U–Pb zircon geochronology indicate that the dykes are contemporaneous with components of the trondhjemitic host rocks, and with late granodiorites. The geochemical, geochronological and field petrological setting indicates partial melting of basaltic and eclogitic lithosphere at c. 3120 Myr ago in the basal Kaapvaal Craton, and subsequent emplacement into pre-existing c. 3430 Myr tonalitic to dioritic crust

Novel Vaccines to Human Rabies

Rabies, the most fatal of all infectious diseases, remains a major public health problem in developing countries, claiming the lives of an estimated 55,000 people each year. Most fatal rabies cases, with more than half of them in children, result from dog bites and occur among low-income families in Southeast Asia and Africa. Safe and efficacious vaccines are available to prevent rabies. However, they have to be given repeatedly, three times for pre-exposure vaccination and four to five times for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). In cases of severe exposure, a regimen of vaccine combined with a rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) preparation is required. The high incidence of fatal rabies is linked to a lack of knowledge on the appropriate treatment of bite wounds, lack of access to costly PEP, and failure to follow up with repeat immunizations. New, more immunogenic but less costly rabies virus vaccines are needed to reduce the toll of rabies on human lives. A preventative vaccine used for the immunization of children, especially those in high incidence countries, would be expected to lower fatality rates. Such a vaccine would have to be inexpensive, safe, and provide sustained protection, preferably after a single dose. Novel regimens are also needed for PEP to reduce the need for the already scarce and costly RIG and to reduce the number of vaccine doses to one or two. In this review, the pipeline of new rabies vaccines that are in pre-clinical testing is provided and an opinion on those that might be best suited as potential replacements for the currently used vaccines is offered

The nonglacial diamictite of Toutswemogala Hill (Lower Karoo Supergroup, Central Botswana): Implications on the extent of the Late Paleozoic ice age in the Kalahari–Karoo basin

Along the easternmost edge of the Karoo–Kalahari Basin (KKB) of Botswana, the Toutswemogala Hill succession exposes a 30–50-m-thick suite of siliciclastic deposits interpreted by some as glaciogenic in origin tied to the Permo-Carboniferous Late Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA). Six facies associations (FA) were recognized in this succession, resting unconformably on a highly uneven Archean gneissic basement, and consisting from base to top of: 1) clast-supported breccia made up of angular cobbles and boulders ubiquitously derived from the underlying basement, 2) well-bedded siltstones sealing or locally interdigitated with the underlying breccia, and bearing abundant remnants of Glossopteris sp. leaves, 3) a chaotic to faintly laminated matrix-supported diamictite bearing angular and subrounded clasts and tree logs attributed to the genus Megaporoxylon, 4) cross-bedded conglomerate bearing well-rounded quartz and clasts, 5) planar-laminated to ripple-laminated, poorly sorted, muddy sandstones showcasing dispersed mud chips that grade upward into 6) poorly sorted, cross-bedded coarse-grained sandstones displaying convolute beds and abundant imprints of unidentifiable tree logs. No evidence of glaciogenic processes have been found in this succession, in the form of either pavement or clasts striations. The breccia and diamictite are interpreted as scree and mass-flow deposits, respectively. Along with the age of the deposits, inferred from the plant debris (upper Carboniferous to lower Permian), the stratigraphic position of this sedimentary succession resting on the Archean basement suggests that it corresponds to the Dukwi Formation, a stratigraphic equivalent of the Dwyka Group in the Main Karoo Basin. This would explain the resemblance of the facies to those recovered at the base of the central Kalahari–Karoo Basin and in the neighboring Tuli, Ellisras, and Tshipise basins. The absence of diagnostic criteria for glacial processes in the studied succession raises the question of the extent, in both time and space, of the LPIA-related ice masses over southern Africa and particularly in southeastern Botswana. It is suggested here that during this glacial epoch, spatially restricted ice masses were confined in bedrock valleys (valley glaciers) in an uplifted setting otherwise characterized by non-glaciogenic processes, further strengthening the scenario of fragmented ice masses over southern Gondwana