An integral equation method for a boundary value problem arising in unsteady water wave problems

In this paper we consider the 2D Dirichlet boundary value problem for Laplace’s equation in a non-locally perturbed half-plane, with data in the space of bounded and continuous functions. We show uniqueness of solution, using standard Phragmen-Lindelof arguments. The main result is to propose a boundary integral equation formulation, to prove equivalence with the boundary value problem, and to show that the integral equation is well posed by applying a recent partial generalisation of the Fredholm alternative in Arens et al [J. Int. Equ. Appl. 15 (2003) pp. 1-35]. This then leads to an existence proof for the boundary value problem. Keywords. Boundary integral equation method, Water waves, Laplace’

News Entropy

We introduce the concept of ’news entropy’ to characterise the relationship between news coverage and the economy. Intuitively, news entropy decreases as the news focus on a smaller set of pressing topics. We observe that news entropy exhibits clear negative spikes close to important economic, financial, and political events. Investigating the effect of changes in news entropy, we find that decreases are associated with two key features: an increase in uncertainty measures and a macroeconomic contraction. The variable is priced in the cross-section of stock returns and low news entropy is associated with increased stock price volatility at the firm level

How much does teenage parenthood affect long term outcomes? A systematic review.

Background: The rates of teenage pregnancy in the UK are relatively high. Although early entry to parenthood can be a positive experience, most studies find large adverse effects on long term outcomes for the mother, child and father, in addition to being costly for the NHS. This is why the government launched its Teenage Pregnancy Strategy in 1999. However, there is growing evidence that teenage pregnancy might be mainly an indicator of disadvantage which is the underlying cause of the negative outcomes. Methods: A systematic literature review was undertaken of studies which used a UK dataset to quantify any long term outcomes of a teenage birth upon the mother, father or child. Studies were included if they used appropriate methods to isolate the causal effect of early parenthood. The databases searched included Medline, Cochrane, EconLit and Web of Science. Results: Six studies were identified by the review; five studies considered the mother’s socioeconomic outcomes, one study reported the child’s outcomes, and no studies met the inclusion criteria for the father’s outcomes. The studies suggested that early motherhood accounts for relatively few of the negative long term socioeconomic outcomes and it is predominantly an indicator of a disadvantaged family background. Conclusion: Limited evidence is available to understand the long term outcomes associated with teenage birth within the UK for the mother, father and child. Current econometric studies suggest that effective interventions to prevent teenage pregnancies will not eradicate the poorer long term socioeconomic outcomes often associated with early motherhood. Thus policy should focus on reducing initial disadvantage in addition to preventing teenage pregnancy. Additional econometric analyses around the mothers’, fathers’ and children’s long term socioeconomic and health-related outcomes would be valuable

Development of a framework to define the functional goals and outcomes of botulinum toxin A spasticity treatment relevant to the child and family living with cerebral palsy using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health for Children and Youth

Objective: To define a sub-set of functional goals and outcomes relevant to children and families living with cerebral palsy following treatment with botulinum toxin type A using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health for Children and Youth. Methods: We identified treatment goals and treatment outcomes from medical case records in 2102 assessments of 239 children with cerebral palsy treated with botulinum toxin between 1994 and 2009. Goals were set through assessment and discussion by experienced clinicians, therapists, parents and children. Results: There were 61 separate goals, mapping to 40 categories, falling mostly within Body Functions: b710 Mobility of joint functions (414 times); b770 Gait pattern functions (374 times); b7351 Tone of muscles of one limb (117 times). A total of 93 separate treatment outcomes were identified, mapping to 51 categories. Two of the 3 most common outcomes correspond to the 2 most common goals (gait pattern and mobility of joint functions). Conclusion: The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health for Children and Youth provides a useful framework to categorize the reasons for using botulinum toxin in children and focuses the clinical consultation not only on impairments but also functional outcomes