Analisa Pengaruh Koordinasi Peralatan Proteksi Terhadap Karakteristik Voltage Sag Di PT. Pupuk Kaltim (PKT) Bontang

Program paket merupakan software simulasi transien pada sistem tenaga yang digunakan untuk menganalisa pengujian jaringan listrik di industri pada kondisi saat gangguan. Untuk meneliti karakteristik voltage sag pada sistem jaringan listrik di industri dalam kondisi saat gangguan, digunakan dua metode untuk koordinasi peralatan proteksi. Keluaran dari hasil simulasi berupa kurva transien tegangan terhadap durasi waktu gangguan yang merupakan karakteristik voltage sag. Kurva hasil simulasi ini dievaluasi dengan kurva standar CBEMA, ITIC, dan SEMI yang telah distandarkan untuk performa jaringan. Hasil simulasi hubung singkat 3 fasa di titik Fault 2 menyebabkan tegangan sisa sebesar 88,4 % di tiap fasa, hubung singkat 1 fasa ke tanah sebesar 81,4 % di fasa A, 98,6 % di fasa B, dan 96,2 % di fasa C, hubung singkat antar fasa sebesar 92,6 % di fasa A, 105,9 % di fasa B, 87,6 % di fasa C. Metode kedua yaitu dengan CB atau pemutus dari hasil evaluasi simulasi didapatkan durasi gangguan yang lebih kecil dari metode pertama yaitu tanpa peralatan proteksi

The Effect of Sr2+ and Fe3+ Cations and the Stirring Speed on The Precipitation of Barium Sulfate in a Batch System

The batch system investigation explored the effect of Sr2+ and Fe3+ cations and the stirring speed on the characteristics of precipitated barium sulfate. A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the rate of barium sulfate precipitation in laboratory equipment from brines containing barium ions (3500 ppm) and varying amounts of Sr2+ and Fe3+ ions (10 and 20 ppm). Kinetic analysis was also performed to explore how stirring speeds (240 and 480 rpm) affect barium sulfate scales' crystallization by increasing the stirring speed and promoting Sr2+ and Fe3+-cation solubility while decreasing the precipitation rate. All solid crystals obtained were mostly pure barite, as the X-ray diffraction (XRD) method confirmed. The SEM micrograph of barite morphology revealed particles with tablet-shaped crystals 2 to 5 nm in size. With the presence of Sr2+ and Fe3+-cation, the shape of barium sulfate was modified into spherical tablets or flower-like clusters of tablets. Meanwhile, the morphological changes could result from increased stirring rates. Moreover, the kinetic results yielded a general reaction rate equation that might be used to estimate barium sulfate deposition in pipelines for various brine, supersaturation, and mixing time durations