REVERSIBLE IMAGE DATA HIDING WITH CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT

Reversible data hiding (RDH) continues to be intensively studied locally of signal processing. To judge the performance of the RDH formula, hiding rate and marked picture quality are essential metrics. There exists a trade-off together because growing the hiding rate frequently causes more distortion in image content. To measure the distortion, the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) value ofthemarked image is frequently calculated. The greatest two bins within the histogram are selected for data embedding to ensure that histogram equalization could be carried out by repeating the procedure. Alongside it details are to be embedded combined with the message bits into the host image so the original image is totally recoverable. The suggested formula was developed on two teams of images to demonstrate its efficiency. Within this letter, a manuscript reversible data hiding (RDH) algorithmic suggested for digital images. Rather than attempting to keep the PSNR value high, the suggested formula improves the contrast of the image to enhance its visual quality. To the best understanding, it's the first algorithm that accomplishes image contrast enhancement with data hiding. In addition, the evaluation results reveal that the visual quality could be preserved after a great deal of message bits happen to be embedded into the contrast-enhanced images, better still than three specific MATLAB functions employed for image contrast enhancement.

Performance of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) under Spacing and Nutrient Management Practices in Cauvery Command Area

An investigation was carried out at the Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Vishweshwaraiah Canal Farm, Mandya, Karnataka, spanning from September to December in both 2020 and 2021. The purpose was to analyze how varying spacing and nutrient management practices affect the yield and growth rate of chia plants. The study involved two different spacings (S) and six levels of organic nutrients (N). Employing a 2 × 6 × 3 factorial experiment design within a randomized complete block framework with three replications, the experiment was conducted over a two-year period. The spacing of 60 cm × 15 cm (S2) resulted in notably higher absolute growth rates (1.00 and 1.87 g/day, respectively at 30 – 60 and 60 – 90 DAS) and biomass duration (221.84, 893.45 and 2182.73 days, respectively at 0 – 30, 30 – 60 and 60 – 90 DAS). Conversely, for relative growth rate (1.67 and 1.19 g/g/day × 10-2, respectively at 30 – 60 DAS and 60 – 90 DAS) and leaf area ratio (2180.90, 1967.19 and 1522.35 cm2/g × 10-2, respectively at 30, 60 and 90 DAS), higher values were observed with 45 cm × 15 cm spacing (S1). Among the various organic nutrient levels, the highest absolute growth rate (1.09 and 2.01 g/day, respectively at 30 – 60 and 60 – 90 DAS) and biomass duration (259.18, 1009.48 and 2403.23 days, respectively at 0 – 30, 30 – 60 and 60 – 90 DAS) were recorded with N6, while greater relative growth rate (1.86 and 1.20 g/g/day × 10-2, respectively at 30 – 60 DAS and 60 – 90 DAS) and leaf area ratio (2616.15, 2206.54 and 1723.31 cm2/g × 10-2, respectively at 30, 60 and 90 DAS) were found with N1. The interaction between spacing and organic nutrient levels did not yield any significant differences with respect to absolute growth rate, biomass duration, relative growth rate and leaf area ratio