“Comparing economic and environmental sustainability of intensive and organic agricultural systems to support land use policy formulation aimed at reducing agrarian distress in Karnataka, India”

Karnataka state is a state of India with diverse agro-climatic zones.In 2001 it had a population of 53 million and 66% of population habitants living in villages. Agriculture is still major occupation in the rural areas of Karnataka and more than 90% of rural people are dependent on agriculture and agro-industries. However irregular rainfall patterns,pest attacks and poor nutrient management are resulting more frequently in crop failures. This has resulted in agrarian distress as with crop failures, farmers are unable to repay the loans. The government of Karnataka introduced Karnataka state policy of organic farming to decrease agrarian distress. In order to asses the impacts of this policy on agriculture, economic and ecological sustainability were compared among organic agriculture and conventional agriculture in two districts, Mysore and Chitradurga. Input and output relationships of agriculture were quantified by a technical coefficient generator (TechnoGIN). Four scenarios were selected for comparing the organic and conventional agriculture: 1) Difference between organic agriculture and conventional agriculture in current situation; 2)Projecting changes in future for the year 2015; 3)Different impacts of crop failure on debts of farmers; 4)Optimal nutrient management in conventional and organic agriculture. The data used were based on own field surveys and farm surveys by ATREE NGO), agricultural scientist expertise and literature review. Economic indicators included gross income, fertilizer costs and net profit and the ecological indicators included nitrogen losses, nitrogen surpluses, water requirements and the biocide index. Results shows that different crop rotations vary in profitability while comparing organic and conventional agriculture, but the risk of getting in debt are more in conventional than organic even while projecting the changes for the year 2015. The nitrogen losses and surpluses are more in conventional than organic agriculture but there is problem of nitrogen mining in organic farming. In the end we can conclude that due to low costs of inputs in organic compared to conventional agriculture,Karnataka state policy of organic farming can reduce distress in the selected villages in Mysore and Chitradurga due to low risk of getting debts. However,considering the major crops,organic farming is less of an option in Mysore,as productivity and hence profitability is lower compared to conventional farming

Case studies on lithography-friendly vlsi circuit layout

Moore’s Law has driven a continuous demand for decreasing feature sizes used in Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) technology which has outpaced the solutions offered by lithography hardware. Currently, a light wavelength of 193nm is being used to print sub-65nm features. This introduces process variations which cause mismatches between desired and actual wafer feature sizes. However, the layout which affects the printability of a circuit can be modified in a manner which can make it more lithography-friendly. In this work, we intend to implement these modifications as a series of perturbations on the initial layout generated by the CAD tool for the circuit. To implement these changes we first calculate the feature variations offline on the boundaries of all possible standard cell pairs used in the circuit layout and record them in a Look-Up Table (LUT). After the CAD tool generates the initial placement of the circuit, we use the LUT to estimate the variations on the boundaries of all the standard cells. Depending on the features which may have the highest feature variations we assign a cost to the layout and our aim is now to reduce the cost of the layout after implementing perturbations which could be a simple cell flip or swap with a neighboring cell. The algorithm used to generate a circuit placement with a low cost is Simulated Annealing which allows a high probability for a solution with a higher cost to be selected during the initial iterations and as time goes on it tends closer to the greedy algorithm. The idea here is to avoid a locally optimum solution. It is also essential to minimize the impact of the iterations performed on the initial solution in terms of wirelength, vias and routing congestion. We validate our procedure on ISCAS85 benchmark circuits by simulating dose and defocus variations using the Mentor tool Calibre LFD. We obtain a reduction of greater 20% in the number of instances with the highest cell boundary feature variations. The wirelength and the number of vias showed an increase of roughly 2.2-8.8% and 1.2- 7.8% respectively for different circuits. The routing congestion by and large remains unaffected

Designing and Executing Security Solutions for IoT-5G Environment

The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) with 5G networks presents a transformative approach to modern connectivity solutions, yet it introduces significant security challenges. This paper focuses on the design and implementation of robust security techniques tailored for IoT-5G systems. We commence by analyzing the unique security requirements posed by the confluence of IoT devices and 5G technology, emphasizing the need for advanced security protocols to address increased data volumes, device heterogeneity, and potential vulnerabilities. Subsequently, we propose a comprehensive security framework that includes innovative encryption methods, intrusion detection systems, and secure communication protocols specifically developed for the IoT-5G environment. Our approach integrates multi-layered security mechanisms to ensure data integrity, confidentiality, and availability across the network. The effectiveness of our proposed techniques is demonstrated through a series of simulations and real-world deployments, showcasing significant enhancements in security and resilience for IoT-5G systems. This study contributes to the field by providing a practical and scalable security solution, paving the way for secure and reliable IoT-5G integration in various applications, from smart cities to industrial automation

(SI10-089) Integer Cordial Labeling of Alternate Snake Graph And Irregular Snake Graph

If a graph G admits integer cordial labeling, it is called an integer cordial graph. In this paper we prove that Alternate m-triangular Snake graph, Quadrilateral Snake graph, Alternate m- quadrilateral Snake graph, Pentagonal Snake graph, Alternate m-pentagonal Snake graph, Irregular triangular Snake graph, Irregular quadrilateral Snake graph, and Irregular pentagonal Snake graphs are integer cordial graphs

Survey on Computer Worms

Cyber Security is an important aspect in the field of information technology. Either it is often neglected or given a lesser priority .One of the biggest challenges that we face today is to secure information. The first thing that comes to our mind whenever we think about cyber security is ‘cyber crimes’, which are increasing at a very fast pace. Governments of countries, agencies and companies are taking crucial measures in order to prevent cybercrimes. Despite taking measures cyber security is still a very big concern. This paper mainly lays emphasis on the definition of worms, difference between worms and viruses, behavioural patterns of worms, major categories of worms, aspects of designing of worms, life cycle of worms, history and timeline of worms and a case study of Stuxnet