A recent update on the use of antimicrobials for animal health in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Background and Aim: Animal antimicrobials must be studied to determine if they have the same types, norms of use, and resistance patterns as those used in humans. This study aimed to facilitate the analysis of data on the use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine and to aid in developing a strategy to prevent the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in humans and animals. Materials and Methods: Data were obtained through a survey of 101 veterinarians working in animal clinics and independent practice in five regencies of Yogyakarta province. Results: Both of the antibiotics, antiparasitic (78.6%) and, antiseptic and disinfectant (68.0%), and antifungal (31.1%) were the most frequently used types of antimicrobials, while antivirals were the least used (9.7%). The most often treated animals with antimicrobials are pets (37%), followed by large and small livestock (30%), poultry (15%), and exotic animals (14%). Of the respondents, 89% were aware of the factors contributing to AMR, but only 47% monitored developments and expanded their understanding of AMR. The most common antibiotic classes were penicillin (71), tetracyclines (50), sulfonamides (41), fluoroquinolones (31), and aminoglycosides (27). Conclusion: All antimicrobials used in the animal health sector are also used in human medicine, which requires special consideration. This cross-use of antibiotics was a crucial factor in determining the cause of the spread of AMR between humans and animals

Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) Nanoemulsion can be Substituted as Natural Growth Promoter in Broiler Chickens

The extensive use of antibiotics growth promoters leads to residues and bacterial resistance; therefore, temulawak nanoemulsion (TN) is expected to be a potential alternative as natural growth promoter (NGP) in broiler chickens. This study was aimed to assess the effect of TN on broiler chickens’ productivity, blood profile, and antibiotic resistance. A total of 72 one-day-old broiler chicks strain MB (Lohman 202) were reared for 35 days and divided into four groups: negative control (without supplementation), positive control (AGP 50 mg/L), and administration of TN 2 mg/kg and 4 mg/kg BW. Body weight (BW), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and index performance (IP) were calculated to evaluate broiler chicken’ productivity. On day 35, blood and cloacal samples were collected for hematology and antibiotic resistance tests. The data were analysed using SPSS software. The results showed that supplementation of TN 4 mg/kg BW improved broiler chickens’ productivity with efficient FI (P>0.05), optimum FCR (P>0.05) during 30-34 days of trial, and the highest IP value. TN 4 mg/kg BW group also had the lowest increasing levels of WBC and eosinophil compared to other groups, while PCV, RBC, and other leukocyte differential levels were normal compared to standards (P>0.05). Moreover, this group showed a decrease in the resistance rate to Amoxicillin and Ceftriaxone compared to control and AGP treatment. It was concluded that TN 4 mg/kg BW could be used as NGP. © 2022 University of Agriculture. All rights reserved

Validation method for determining enrofloxacin and tylosin levels in broiler liver, kidney, and muscle using high-performance liquid chromatography

Background and Aim: Enrofloxacin and tylosin can be combined into an antibiotic formulation which is expected to have a broader range of antibacterial activity against various infections in broilers. Validation method analysis of the levels of these two active compounds needs to be done for future use in pharmacokinetic or residual studies. The present study aims to determine a suitable validation method of isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure the concentration of antibiotic combinations in the broiler liver, kidney, and muscles. Materials and Methods: The combination of enrofloxacin and tylosin in the liver, kidney, and muscle was validated by HPLC method to find the procedures, processes, equipment, and systems used, consistently provides the appropriate results. The chromatography system consisted of an Octadecyl-silica column of 5 µm in diameter and 150 mm in length with a mobile phase of a mixture of 0.05 M monobasic sodium phosphate (pH 2.5) and acetonitrile (65:35 v/v). The solution was detected at a wavelength of 280 nm, 30°C, a flow rate of 1 mL/min, and an injection volume of 20 µL. The combination antibiotics powder was produced from PT Tekad Mandiri Citra, Bandung, Indonesia, and broiler tissues obtained from day-old chick broilers maintained for 30 days with free antibiotic feed. Results: Validation of a combination solution of enrofloxacin and tylosin shows the linearity values of enrofloxacin and tylosin in the liver, kidney, and muscles as r2=0.9988, r2=0.9999, r2=0.9997, r2=0.9989, r2=0.9978, and r2=0.9962. The accuracy and precision values of enrofloxacin in the liver, kidney, and muscles were 5.53, 6.23, and 6.93, respectively. The values of accuracy and precision of tylosin in the liver, kidney, and muscles were 10.43, 4.63, and 7.16, respectively. The retention times for enrofloxacin and tylosin were 1.945-2.000 min and 4.175-4.342 min. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantity (LOQ) values for enrofloxacin were 3.03 and 10.1 µg/g, respectively. In contrast, the LOD and LOQ values for tylosin were 9.05 and 30.17 µg/g, respectively. Conclusion: The value of linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, and sensitivity of the combined solution of enrofloxacin and tylosin showed promising results. © 2022 Veterinary World. All rights reserved

Identification of poisonous plants and their solutions for traditional livestock in Bojonegoro District, East Java, Indonesia

Local farmers in Bojonegoro District use plants as the main food source and to treat several diseases for their livestock. However, they also comprise a large variety of poisonous plants known by a secondary chemical compound that causes death in the livestock. This study aims to identify the potentially poisonous plants to livestock and their veterinary importance. The study was conducted by interviewing local farmers as we require data as a source of information to provide an overview of their knowledge and experience about poisonous plants that can endanger livestock health. Respondents consisted of 40 local farmers from more than 20 livestock groups in Bojonegoro District. Data were analyzed by Frequency of Citation (Fic), Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), Frequency of Plant Part (FPP), Symptoms of Poisonous Plants Frequency (SPPF), Livestock Affected Frequency (LAF). A total of nine plants were identified and documented to have poisonous effects on livestock animals, namely leaf of lophatheri (Lophatherum gracile), leaf and tuber skin of cassava (Manihot esculenta), leaf of jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis), leaf of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), leaf of Chinese albizia (Albizia chinensis), leaf of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), leaf of peanut (Arachis hypogaea), rotten fruit of (jackfruit Artocarpus heterophyllus), and leaf of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus). Leaf of Lophatherum gracile was the most poisonous plant part for livestock. Furthermore, the leaves of plants are frequently poisonous. Bloating, hypersalivation, frothy mouth, death, and inappetence were among the frequently manifested signs by poisoned livestock. Moreover, this study showed that ruminants species were the most susceptible to poisoned animals. Improper handling of plants for animal feed is thought to trigger poisoning. Therefore a proper feeding preparation is needed before being given as forage. Although those plants can cause toxic effects on livestock, they have tremendous potential to become herbal medicine with the proper formulation

Nanoparticles of Kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob.) Leaves Extract as a Candidate for Natural Remedies Lowering Hypercholesterol: In Silico and in vivo Study

Hypercholesterolemia in recent years has become a serious problem because of its cause of almost half of cases of ischemic heart disease. Alternative medicine most people usually use also has a weakness, namely weak pharmacological effects. This study aims to optimize the pharmacological effect of kirinyuh leaves as an antihypercholesterolemic agent by making nanoparticles preparations. This study used in silico and in vivo studies, the in silico study was done to predict the potential of flavonoid, one of kirinyuh leaves’ compounds which can inhibit HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) enzyme, that have a role of cholesterol making. In vivo study was done to hypercholesterolemia mouse model (n=24) who were given of kirinyuh leaves extract each with 100 mg (T1) and 200 mg/200 g body weight (BW) (T2) dose, and kirinyuh leaves extract in nanoparticle formulas each 1 mL (T3) and 2 mL/200 g BW (T4) every day for 2 weeks. Blood was snipped at the end of treatment for lipid profile analysis. Molecular docking’s result showed that flavonoid compounds can reduce hypercholesterolemia by interacting with HMGCR enzymes thus the formation of cholesterol in the liver can be inhibited, therefore T1-T4 are capable to improve blood lipid profile significantly compared to control (P<0.05). The best result is shown in T4 that gave 2 mL/200 g BW dose of nanoparticle formulation with the most reduction of total cholesterol and lipid profile between all the treatment groups. It can be concluded that nanoparticle formulation has better pharmacologist effect. © 2022 University of Agriculture. All rights reserved

The Effect of Colistin Administration as Medicated Feed on Alanine Aminotransferase and Creatinine Level in Broiler Infected with

Colistin is a decapeptide antibiotic with narrow spectrum activity, mainly used as treatment for Gram negative bacteria. This study aims to scientifically determine the effect of colistin administration as medicated feed on alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatinine level in broiler infected with Escherichia coli. KTOP group as positive control, KTON group as negative control, while I, II, and III groups were infected with Escherichia coli 1 x 108 CFU/ml 0.1 ml via intratracheal route. Group I, II, and III were given colistin treatment dosage of 0.3 g/kg food, 0.6 g/kg food, and 1.2 g/kg food. Blood samples were taken through brachial veins for ALT and creatinine examination with a Caretium NB-201 semi-auto chemistry analyzer. Data were examined statistically using IBM SPSS Statistics 24 software and graphically using Microsoft Excel 365. Conclusion of the research by statistical analysis with Kruskal-Wallis test obtained ALT test results P = 0.147 and creatinine test results P = 0.815. Based on the results of this study, the administration of colistin medicated feed did not cause a significant effect on ALT and creatinine level in broiler infected with Escherichia coli, indicating that colistin has low potential toxicity while given as medicated feed

Identification of antinutritional, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity of plants that cause livestock poisoning in Bojonegoro Regency, Indonesia

Background and Aim: The utilization of cassava leaves and peels, ceara rubber leaves, sweet potato leaves, Chinese Albizia leaves, and lophatheri leaves from Bojonegoro Regency has led to the poisoning of livestock due to antinutritional factors. Nevertheless, the plants are known to have bioactive components and potential antioxidant and antibacterial activity if appropriately processed. This study aimed to determine the antinutritional compounds as well as the antioxidant and antibacterial potential of these plants responsible for livestock poisoning in the Bojonegoro Regency. Materials and Methods: Extraction was performed by the maceration method using 70% (v/v) ethanol solvent. The samples were analyzed qualitatively to determine the presence of tannins, alkaloids, oxalates, cardiac glycosides, and cyanogenic glycosides. The antioxidant activity was determined using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method, while the antimicrobial activity was assessed by different testing concentrations (125, 250, and 500 mg/mL) against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Results: The ethanolic extract of the plants was found to contain antinutritional tannins, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, and cyanogenic glycosides suspected of causing livestock poisoning. Despite the presence of these antinutrients, all extracts also had antioxidant and antibacterial potential. Cassava peels and sweet potato leaves had the highest antioxidant activity, whereas Chinese Albizia leaves had the most potent antibacterial activity. Conclusion: Cassava leaves and peels, ceara rubber leaves, sweet potato leaves, Chinese Albizia leaves, and lophatheri leaves obtained from Bojonegoro Regency and used as agricultural waste contain antinutritional factors but also possess potentially effective antioxidant and antimicrobial components