A Phonetic and Phonological Study of Bhojpuri as Spoken in the Districts of Shahabad and Saran, on the Basis of the Observer's Own Pronunciation (With Texts in Phonetic Transcription).

This is a study in synthesis and on polysystemic basis of a form of Indian speech used by the writer and which covers an area of about fifty thousand square miles comprising parts of two provinces, Bihar and the United Provinces and typical, in many respects, of the speech of about twenty million people. The subject is dealt with in two sections - A. Phonetics, B. Phonology. A third section contains some specimens of texts, demonstrating the several types of styles of speech, and features of pronunciation. We have kept before us the view of speech as a social instrument requiring objective and empirical treatment. The sentence has been taken as the primary datum from which both the phonematic sounds and the syntagmatic prosodies have been extracted by a process of abstraction. Some of the important features of phonetic and phonological interest, e.g., nasalization and retroflexion, have been investigated in greater detail than others. The study is purely synchronic with only occasional glimpses of historical or comparative aspects where these have been considered of some interest in connection with the points under discussion. A synthesis of the views, ancient and modern, has been, as far as practicable, attempted in interpreting the linguistic facts in the thesis. The statement of phonetic facts based on the events of utterances and studied by perception technique, have been as far as possible, corroborated by instrumental technique consisting of kymographic and palatographic abstractions according to the new method of palatographic investigation into articulations elucidated by Prof. Firth in one of his most important articles on the subject. It is for the first time that a detailed synchronic study of a form of living modern Indian speech has been attempted on such a comprehensive plan, in accordance with modern linguistic techniques. The research has yielded some results of practical value which may be profitably utilized for reforming the spelling and printing in Sanskritic Indian language like Hindi, which has been adopted as the national language of India

Updating phylogeny of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup m in India: dispersal of modern human in South Asian corridor.

To construct maternal phylogeny and prehistoric dispersals of modern human being in the Indian sub continent, a diverse subset of 641 complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomes belonging to macrohaplogroup M was chosen from a total collection of 2,783 control-region sequences, sampled from 26 selected tribal populations of India. On the basis of complete mtDNA sequencing, we identified 12 new haplogroups--M53 to M64; redefined/ascertained and characterized haplogroups M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M8'C'Z, M9, M10, M11, M12-G, D, M18, M30, M33, M35, M37, M38, M39, M40, M41, M43, M45 and M49, which were previously described by control and/or coding-region polymorphisms. Our results indicate that the mtDNA lineages reported in the present study (except East Asian lineages M8'C'Z, M9, M10, M11, M12-G, D) are restricted to Indian region.The deep rooted lineages of macrohaplogroup 'M' suggest in-situ origin of these haplogroups in India. Most of these deep rooting lineages are represented by multiple ethnic/linguist groups of India. Hierarchical analysis of molecular variation (AMOVA) shows substantial subdivisions among the tribes of India (Fst = 0.16164). The current Indian mtDNA gene pool was shaped by the initial settlers and was galvanized by minor events of gene flow from the east and west to the restricted zones. Northeast Indian mtDNA pool harbors region specific lineages, other Indian lineages and East Asian lineages. We also suggest the establishment of an East Asian gene in North East India through admixture rather than replacement

COVID-19 infected ST-Elevation myocardial infarction in India (COSTA INDIA)

Objective: To find out differences in the presentation, management and outcomes of COVID-19 infected STEMI patients compared to age and sex-matched non-infected STEMI patients treated during the same period. Methods: This was a retrospective multicentre observational registry in which we collected data of COVID-19 positive STEMI patients from selected tertiary care hospitals across India. For every COVID-19 positive STEMI patient, two age and sex-matched COVID-19 negative STEMI patients were enrolled as control. The primary endpoint was a composite of in-hospital mortality, re-infarction, heart failure, and stroke. Results: 410 COVID-19 positive STEMI cases were compared with 799 COVID-19 negative STEMI cases. The composite of death/reinfarction/stroke/heart failure was significantly higher among the COVID-19 positive STEMI patients compared with COVID-19 negative STEMI cases (27.1% vs 20.7% p value = 0.01); though mortality rate did not differ significantly (8.0% vs 5.8% p value = 0.13). Significantly lower proportion of COVID-19 positive STEMI patients received reperfusion treatment and primary PCI (60.7% vs 71.1% p value=< 0.001 and 15.4% vs 23.4% p value = 0.001 respectively). Rate of systematic early PCI (pharmaco-invasive treatment) was significantly lower in the COVID-19 positive group compared with COVID-19 negative group. There was no difference in the prevalence of high thrombus burden (14.5% and 12.0% p value = 0.55 among COVID-19 positive and negative patients respectively) Conclusions: In this large registry of STEMI patients, we did not find significant excess in in-hospital mortality among COVID-19 co-infected patients compared with non-infected patients despite lower rate of primary PCI and reperfusion treatment, though composite of in-hospital mortality, re-infarction, stroke and heart failure was higher