Impact of Shelterbelts on Net Returns from Agricultural Production in Arid Western Rajasthan

This paper has documented the impact of shelterbelt on agricultural returns by collecting primary data from 80 farmers each in shelterbelt and non-shelterbelt areas. To decompose the total change in net returns, separate production functions have been estimated for shelterbelt and non-shelterbelt farms. The study has revealed an increase of 430.8 per cent in net returns due to shelterbelt plantation, in which shelterbelt technology has contributed 399.4 per cent and increase in use of complementary inputs, 31.4 per cent. In the change of 399.4 per cent, shelterbelt has accounted for 305.6 per cent, i.e. shifting from non- shelterbelt to shelterbelt and remaining 93.8 per cent has been due to inputs used by non-shelterbelt, which might be due to improvement in soil health.Agricultural Finance,

Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) fish otoliths from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds, India: a revision

The study of the Maastrichtian Deccan Intertrappean otolith association allows for the reconstruction of a fish fauna of 22 taxa, of which 16 are identified at species level. Three species are new: “genus Heterotidinarum” heterotoides, “genus Percoideorum” citreum and Dapalis erici. The represented taxa include typical freshwater ones, essentially freshwater ones with some marine intruders, near shore marine groups including a significant portion of freshwater intruders and predominantly marine fishes, including however some scarce freshwater residents. The most probable interpretation of such an association is that the Deccan Intertrappean Beds correspond to freshwater environments of a coastal area, where intrusion by marine elements or temporary connections with the marine realm existed. The Indian Maastrichtian and Ypresian faunas are compared with the European fossil record. The fossil record of osteoglossids, ambassids, and channids points to ancient Eurasiatic affinities of European freshwater and brackish Paleogene and Early Miocene fish faunas

Software-based Solution for Analysis and Decoding of FSK-2 Modulated, Baudot-coded Signals

In the present-day scenario, digital communication has become predominant choice overanalog communication worldwide. Digital modulation schemes form the main block of the digitalcommunication. Among these, frequency shift keying (FSK-2) is a widely used technique employedfor Baudot-coded english text transmission. A Baudot-coded-FSK-2 modulated signal wassimulated corresponding to an english text file. A technique has been developed for its analysisand decoding in the MATLAB environment. This technique does the signal analysis, its parameterextraction, and then digital demodulation, to retrieve its corresponding composite bit-stream. Anefficient method for edge detection using the number of zero-crossings has been devised andimplemented successfully. From the composite bit-stream, overhead bits were removed anddecoding was performed to get back the text output

How to find discrete contact symmetries

This paper describes a new algorithm for determining all discrete contact symmetries of any differential equation whose Lie contact symmetries are known. The method is constructive and is easy to use. It is based upon the observation that the adjoint action of any contact symmetry is an automorphism of the Lie algebra of generators of Lie contact symmetries. Consequently, all contact symmetries satisfy various compatibility conditions. These conditions enable the discrete symmetries to be found systematically, with little effort

COLD BEAM INJECTION IN RELATIVISTIC EMEC WAVE FOR KAPPA DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION WITH AC FIELD FOR MAGNETO-PLASMA

The effect of cold electron beam on electromagnetic electron cyclotron (EMEC) wave has been studied by using the unperturbed Lorentzian (Kappa) distribution in the magnetosphere for relativistic plasma. The dispersion relation is obtained by using the method of characteristic solutions and kinetic approach. An expression for the growth rate of a system has been calculated. It is inferred that in addition to the relativistic plasma obliquity and effect of cold electron beam modifies the growth rate and it also shifts the wave band significantly. The relativistic electrons by increasing the growth rate and widening the bandwidth may explain a wide frequency range of EMEC wave emissions in the magnetosphere

Relationship of susceptibility and growth stages of plant for development of epidemic of sheath blight in rice

The present paper deals with most susceptible growth stage of rice with different farms and quantitiy of inoculum for development of sheath blight of rice by Rhizoctonia solani.Among seven different growth stages of rice crop i.e. seedling, initial tillering, maximum tillering, boot leaf, panicle emergence, flowering and dough stage, the flowering stage was found to be most susceptible and highly prone for sheath blight development, while seedling stage was found to be least susceptible and with low proneness for disease development. Disease severity, number and length of lesions get increased with the increasing crop growth stages up to flowering stage and thereafter disease severity decreases with the increases in further growth stages of rice plant. Among four different growth stages of the pathogen (inoculum capacity) i.e. five days old mycelium, seven days old mycelium, milky sclerotial stage and mature sclerotial stage which were inoculated at maximum tillering stage of rice plants, five days old mycelial inoculum was found to be most virulent. Disease severity decreased and incubation period increased with further ageing of inoculum. Among five different amount of inoculum (inoculum density) i.e. 0.20 mg, 5.50 mg, 6.00 mg, 7.00 mg and 8.00 mg of sclerotial inoculum, which were inoculated at maximum tillering stage of rice plants, highest disease severity and minimum incubation period was observed with 8.00 mg amount of sclerotial inoculum. Whereas, least disease severity and longest incubation period was observed when inoculation was done with 0.2 mg of sclerotial inoculum

Role of Oxygen Functional Groups and Fuel Ratio in Self heating of Coal

A number of methods are in practice at different places throughout the world to determine susceptibility of coal towards spontaneous heating. Among these, crossing point temperature(CPT) method is very simple and gives a good idea of the propensity of coal towards heating. Liability index calculated using CPT is also useful for studying the propensity of coal towards spontaneous heating. However, determination of CPT in lab requires extra precaution for repeatable results. To overcome the difficulties, attempt were made to study the relationship between peripheral oxygen groups or the functional oxygen groups in coals and their correlation with proneness to auto-oxidation using liability index (LI), Also the correlation between liability index and crossing point temperature have been presented in this pape

Manipulation of exciton and trion quasiparticles in monolayer WS2 via charge transfer

Charge doping in transition metal dichalcogenide is currently a subject of high importance for future electronic and optoelectronic applications. Here, we demonstrate chemical doping in the CVD-grown monolayer (1L) of WS2 by a few commonly used laboratory solvents by investigating the room temperature photoluminescence (PL). The appearance of distinct trionic emission in the PL spectra and quenched PL intensities suggests n-type doping in WS2. The temperature-dependent PL spectra of the doped 1L-WS2 reveal a significant enhancement of trions emission intensity over the excitonic emission at low temperature, indicating the stability of trion at low temperature. The temperature-dependent exciton-trion population dynamic has been modeled using the law of mass action of trion formation. These results shed light on the solution-based chemical doping in 1L-WS2 and its profound effect on the photoluminescence which is essential for the control of optical and electrical properties for optoelectronic applications