Anti-Urolithiatic Activity of Cassia Auriculata Ethanolic Seed Extract in Wistar Rats

Background: Urolithiasis is a medical condition that, despite substantial research in the field of urology, has yet to find a cure within the allopathic medical approach. The process of stone development, known as nephrolithiasis, can occur within the kidney or any segment of the urinary tract, encompassing the ureters and bladder. Material and Methods: The seeds of Cassia auriculata (Linn.) were obtained in June 2021 from Mettukadai hamlet, located in the Erode District of Tamilnadu, India. The herbarium of the plant was meticulously assembled, verified, and afterwards deposited as a voucher specimen. The voucher specimen was retained within the college premises for future reference. Results: The current investigation involved conducting a preliminary phytochemical analysis on the ethanolic seed extract of Cassia auriculata Linn. The research revealed the existence of many phytochemical constituents, including Alkaloids, Flavanoids, Carbohydrate, Sterols, Phytosterols, Phenols, Terpenoids, Amino acids, and Anthraquinones. The acute toxicity experiments revealed that rats exhibited tolerance to a maximum dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight, and no discernible alterations in behavior were detected across all experimental groups. Hence, fractions equivalent to one-fourth and one-eighth of the maximum tolerated dose of 200 mg/kg body weight were selected for subsequent investigations. Conclusion: In summary, the findings suggest that the application of an ethanolic seed extract derived from Cassia auriculata Linn effectively decreased the progression of urinary stone formation. Additionally, it appears that the efficacy of the treatment impact surpasses that of its preventative counterpart

Facts and Treatment of Bullous Pemphigoid: A Review

Bullous pemphigoid (a type of pemphigoid) is an autoimmune pruritic skin disease that typically occurs in people aged over 60, that may involve the formation of blisters (bullae) in the space between the epidermal and dermal skin layers. It is classified as a type II hypersensitivity reaction, which involves formation of anti-hemidesmosome antibodies, causing a loss of keratinocytes to basement membrane adhesion. Pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid are autoantibody-mediated blistering skin diseases. In pemphigus, keratinocytes in epidermis and mucous membranes lose cell-cell adhesion, and in pemphigoid, the basal keratinocytes lose adhesion to the basement membrane. Pemphigus lesions are mediated directly by the autoantibodies, whereas the autoantibodies in pemphigoid fix complement and mediate inflammation. In both diseases, the autoantigens have been cloned and characterized; pemphigus antigens are desmogleins (cell adhesion molecules in desmosomes), and pemphigoid antigens are found in hemidesmosomes (which mediate adhesion to the basement membrane). This knowledge has enabled diagnostic testing for these diseases by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and dissection of various pathophysiological mechanisms, including direct inhibition of cell adhesion, antibody-induced internalization of antigen, and cell signaling. Understanding these mechanisms of disease has led to rational targeted therapeutic strategies

A Review on Phyllanthus emblica: Anti-inflamatory and Antioxidant Effect

Phyllanthus emblica L. (amla) managed in Ayurveda as potent rasayan in treating hepatic disorders. Phyllanthus emblica Linn (Emblica officinalis Gaertn) widely reputed as Amla or Indian Gooseberry a well-known tree used in production of herbal pharmacological medicines. A highly nutritious plant reported with dietary source of vitamin C, Minerals and amino acids. This plant is of superior value in Medicine, Ayurveda. Amla fruits are widely employed in treatment of diarrhea, jaundice and inflammation. The plant has proven its efficiency in treating antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, antibacterial, antioxidant, spasmolytic, antiulcerogenic, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective and chemoprotective property. All the parts of plants are rich in medicinal value.   The plant consists of various phytoconstituents like alkaloids, phenols, tannins, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, fixed oils, multi vitamins and inorganic compounds.  Organic chemicals like Ellagic acid, Gallic acid, Emblicanin A & B, Phyllembein, Quercetin and Ascorbic acid are decided to be efficient for health. The various other Ayurvedic potentials of P. emblica are yet to be proven scientifically in order to explore its broad spectrum of therapeutic effects. In the current review, the conventional Amla use for household treatment in indigenous people and its activities will be of tremendous potential and importance. Therefore, an effort has been made to increase knowledge of the medical importance and use of Amla as a rich natural source of novel bioactive components

Drug-induced Hepatotoxicity Cases in Some Tertiary Care Hospitals of Andhra Pradesh, India: A Retrospective Study

Pharmaceutical preparations are currently significant contributors to liver illness, in which hepatotoxicity being the most common cause of Acute liver failure .The liver is a vital organ, its strategic location and multidimensional functions support almost every other organ in the body. It is the main organ for metabolism, elimination of metabolic products and hepatotoxicity is a potential adverse effect for most of the drugs particularly Anti-tubercular drugs, general anaesthetics, paracetamol and some Anti-cancer drugs. Liver sometimes can be damaged by some chemicals called hhepatotoxins such as galactosamine and chloroform. Moreover steroids, vaccines and anti-viral drugs which are used as treatment option for liver diseases, may produce adverse effects especially after chronic administration. The main objective of our study is to assess the frequency of drugs causing the severity of Hepatotoxicity in patients in a tertiary care hospitals. A prospective observational study was carried out in 3 different tertiary care hospitals at Andhra Pradesh, India. It was found that males are more prone to hepatotoxicity compared to females, as well as the age group 25-64 years (67%) are more hepatotoxic compared to above 65years (15%) age group. So there is a need of awareness in patients and physicians to consider the drug induced hepatotoxicity while giving the treatment, in which most of the cases it was being left unconsidered and finally leading to hepatotoxicity starting with mild and moderate stages

Protective effects of vanillic acid on letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome: A comprehensive study in female wistar rats

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the known causes of anovulatory fertility in the world. Previous research has linked oxidative stress could contribute to PCOS, and vanillic acid has shown antioxidant potential. Hence, the present study evaluated the effect of vanillic acid on letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome in female rats. Materials and methods: PCOS was induced in Wistar female rats with letrozole (1 mg/kg, orally) in carboxymethoxycellulose (1 % w/v), administered for 21 days. After induction, the standard group received clomiphene citrate (1 mg/kg, orally) while other treatment groups were administered with vanillic acid at doses 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, orally for 15 days, and without treatment was considered a negative control group. Different parameters studied were body weight, ovary weight, blood glucose, lipid profile, hormonal levels [luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone], markers for oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, catalase, and malonaldehyde), and histopathology of the ovary. Statistical analysis was done for the results and p < 0.05 was considered to indicate the significance. Results: Vanillic acid-treated animals showed a concentration-dependent activity on the tested parameters. The highest tested dose (100 mg/kg) produced a more prominent effect in significantly (P < 0.001) decreasing the body weight, and ovary weight and improving the hormonal imbalance. Also, vanillic acid significantly (P < 0.01) reduced elevated blood sugar and lipid levels. Additionally, vanillic acid reduced oxidative stress significantly (P < 0.001) in the ovaries of female rats. Histopathological reports showed a reduction in cystic follicles and appearance of normal healthy follicles at different stages of development after the administration of vanillic acid. Furthermore, these effects were observed to be comparable with those recorded for standard drug, clomiphene. Conclusion: The current study data suggests that vanillic acid has protected the letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome. In the event of several side effects associated with conventional treatments used for PCOS, the findings of this study suggest the promising role of vanillic acid. More research in this direction might identify the true potency of vanillic acid in the treatment of PCOS