Numerical Study of Pulse Detonation Engine with One-step Overall Reaction Model

This paper presents an insight for the study of transient, compressible, intermittent pulsed detonation engine with one-step overall reaction model to reduce the computational complexity in detonation simulations. Investigations are done on flow field conditions developing inside the tube with the usage of irreversible one-step chemical reactions for detonations. In the present simulations 1-D and 2-D axisymmetric tubes are considered for the investigation. The flow conditions inside the detonation tube are estimated as a function of time and distance. Studies are also performed with different grid sizes which influence the prediction of Von-Neumann spike, CJ Pressure and detonation velocity. The simulation result from the single-cycle reaction model agrees well with the previous published literature of multi-step reaction models. The present studies shows that one-step overall reaction model is sufficient to predict the flow properties with reasonable accuracy. Finally, the results from the present study were compared and validated using NASA CEA.Defence Science Journal, Vol. 65, No. 4, July 2015, pp. 265-271, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.65.873

Oral hypoglycemic drugs: An overview

The aim of this study was to evaluate safety and efficacy of oral hypoglycemic agents in obese Type-2 diabetic patients. The objectives are to compare fasting and postprandial blood sugar (PPBS) levels, to compare body mass index in all the groups and to identify glycosylated hemoglobin levels and adverse drug reaction in all the groups. Diabetes mellitus is one of the world’s major diseases. It currently affects an estimated143 million people worldwide and the number is growing rapidly. In the India, about 1-5% population suffer from diabetes or related complication. So there is need to cure this disease. Anti-diabetic drugs treat diabetes mellitus by lowering glucose levels in the blood. With the exceptions of insulin, exenatide, and pramlintide, all are administered orally and are thus also called oral hypoglycemic agents or oral anti hyperglycemic agents. There are different classes of anti-diabetic drugs, and their selection depends on the nature of the diabetes, age and situation of the person, as well as other factors. Diabetes mellitus type 1 is a disease caused by the lack of insulin. Insulin must be used in Type 1, which must be injected or inhaled. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a disease of insulin resistance by cells. Treatments include agents which increase the amount of insulin secreted by the pancreas, agents which increase the sensitivity of target organs to insulin , and agents which decrease the rate at which glucose is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Keywords: hypoglycemic, blood suger, insulin, diabetes mellitus, pancrea

Formulation and Optimization of Omeprezole Floating Tablet by Wet Granulation Technique

Omaprezole is a proton pump inhibitor, antacid drug. It is categorized as class II in BCS system of classification of drugs. Omaprazole inhibits the H(+)-K(-) ATPase in the proton pump of gastric parietal cells and highly effective inhibitor of gastric acid secretion. Floating tablet is nowadays considered as one of the best method to enhance the retention time of tablet in stomach. To get a better dissolution rate, the retention time of Omaprazole is enhanced by the floating technique. The aim of the work is to formulate the floating tablet of Omaprazole and evaluation of tablets invitro performance. The floating tablets are prepared by using two different polymers; HPMC K15, HPMC K100. Wet granulation method was used to prepare tablet. The polymers added in different ratios. The increasing concentration of polymers is responsible for enhancement of drug content and percent yield due to increase in the swallability of polymer.Invitro drug release study was performed using United State Pharmacopoeia (USP) type II dissolution test apparatus employing paddle stirrer at 50 rpm using 900ml of 0.1 N HCL buffer maintained at 37⁰C±0.5⁰C as the dissolution medium. The FTIR, DSC studies of Omaprazole floating tablet indicated the phase inversion of Omaprazole from crystalline to amorphous form. The F3 formulation show increased drug release as compare to pure drug in 24 hrs. It can be concluded that the floating tablet of Omaprazole prepared with mixture of HPMC K15 and HPMC K100 has greater retention time than pure drug and marketed formulation.  Keywords-   Omaprezole, Gastroretentive floating tablet, HPMC K15, HPMC K10

Formulation and Optimization of Omeprezole Floating Tablet by Wet Granulation Technique

Omaprezole is a proton pump inhibitor, antacid drug. It is categorized as class II in BCS system of classification of drugs. Omaprazole inhibits the H(+)-K(-) ATPase in the proton pump of gastric parietal cells and highly effective inhibitor of gastric acid secretion. Floating tablet is nowadays considered as one of the best method to enhance the retention time of tablet in stomach. To get a better dissolution rate, the retention time of Omaprazole is enhanced by the floating technique. The aim of the work is to formulate the floating tablet of Omaprazole and evaluation of tablets invitro performance. The floating tablets are prepared by using two different polymers; HPMC K15, HPMC K100. Wet granulation method was used to prepare tablet. The polymers added in different ratios. The increasing concentration of polymers is responsible for enhancement of drug content and percent yield due to increase in the swallability of polymer.Invitro drug release study was performed using United State Pharmacopoeia (USP) type II dissolution test apparatus employing paddle stirrer at 50 rpm using 900ml of 0.1 N HCL buffer maintained at 37⁰C±0.5⁰C as the dissolution medium. The FTIR, DSC studies of Omaprazole floating tablet indicated the phase inversion of Omaprazole from crystalline to amorphous form. The F3 formulation show increased drug release as compare to pure drug in 24 hrs. It can be concluded that the floating tablet of Omaprazole prepared with mixture of HPMC K15 and HPMC K100 has greater retention time than pure drug and marketed formulation.  Keywords-   Omaprezole, Gastroretentive floating tablet, HPMC K15, HPMC K10

Sustained Release Drug Delivery System with the Role of Natural Polymers: A review

An appropriately designed sustained release dosage form is opted to be a major goal in solving the problems which arises regarding the targeting of a drug to a specific organ or tissue and for controlling its rate of delivery to the target site. The development of oral sustained release system has proven to be a major challenge to formulation scientist due to their inability to restrain as well as localize the system at targeted areas of the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore the development of matrix type drug delivery system is promising option regarding the development of an oral sustained release system. There is availability of wide variety of polymers which helps the formulation scientist to develop sustained/controlled release products. The attractiveness of these dosage forms is increasing because of their awareness towards toxicity and ineffectiveness when administered by oral route in the form of tablets and capsules. Numerous advantages are provided by sustained release products over conventional dosage forms through optimizing various bio-pharmaceutics, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics properties of drugs and finally leads to reduction in dosing frequency to such an extent that only once daily dose is required for therapeutic management with maximum utility of drug with reduction in both local as well as systemic side effects. They can cure or control diseased condition in shortest possible time with smallest quantity of drug to assure greater patient compliance. Polymer swelling, drug dissolution and its diffusion are the known mechanisms for drug release through polymer network. Keywords: Oral drug delivery system, sustained release dosage form, matrix system, polymer swelling, drug diffusion

A Review on Microsponge Delivery System

Microsponge is recent novel technique for control release and target specific drug delivery system. Microsponge technology has been introduced in pharmaceutical industry to provide the controlled release of active drug ingredient for the application into the skin in order to decrease systemic exposure and reduce local cutaneous reactions to active drugs. Microsponges comprises of microporous beads, typically 10-25 microns in diameter, loaded with active agent. The microsponge releases its active ingredient on a time mode, when applied to the skin,  and also in response to other stimuli that are used mostly for topical and recently for oral administration. Microsponge technology has many favourable characteristics which make It all around suitable as drug delivery vehicle. Microsponge systems can suspend or entrap a wide variety of substances, and then be incorporated into a formulated product such as a gel, cream, liquid or powder. The outer surface is mostly porous, allowing the sustained flow of substances out of the sphere. Microsponge drug delivery system causes increased efficacy for the topically active agents with enhanced safety and product stability for a longer period of time with reduction in side effects. In addition their non-allergenic, non-irritating, non-mutagenic and nontoxic behaviour makes them the suitable dosage form. The present review emphasis Microsponge drug delivery system along with its release mechanism. Keywords: Novel drug delivery system, Microsponges, Microsponge drug delivery system, Quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method

Preparation and Characterization of Itraconazole Microsponges using Eudragit RSPO and Study the Effect of Stirring on the Formation of Microsponges

The purpose of the present study was to prepare and evaluate Itraconazole loaded microsponges using Eudragit for the controlled release of the drug and study the effect of stirring rate on the formation of microsponges. Microsponges containing Itraconazole were prepared by using quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method at different stirring rate i.e. 500, 800, 1000, 1200 and 1500rpm.  Particle size of prepared microsponge was observed in the range of 78.43 to 23.18 µm. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the porous, spherical nature of the microsponges. The production yield, entrapment efficiency, and drug content were found to be 80.88%, 84.53% and 82.89%. The formulation with higher drug to polymer ratio 1:10 (i.e. F5) was chosen to investigate the effect of stirring rate on the morphology of microsponges. As the speed was increased, the particle size of microsponges was reduced and uniform spherical microsponges were formed. As drug polymer ratio increased, Production yield, drug content and entrapment efficiency was found to be increased while drug: polymer ratio has reverse effect on particle size, as drug: polymer ratio increase, particle size decreases. The cumulative percentage drug release upto 8hrs for F5 was 89.54% and the mechanism of drug release from the formulations during the dissolution was determined using the zero order, first order, higuchi equation and Peppas equation. All formulations were best fitted to Zero order and peppas plot. The best formulation F5 follows Zero order release. Keywords: Microsponges, Itraconazole, stirring rate, Quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion metho

Advancement in Novel Drug Delivery System: Niosomes

Niosomes represent a promising drug delivery module. Noisome same as to liposome and Noisome represent alternative vesicular drug delivery systems with respect to liposomes, due to the noisome ability to encapsulate the different type of drugs within their multi environmental structure. Niosomes are thoughts to be a better system for drug delivery as compared to liposomes due to various factors like cost, stability etc. They are many types of drug deliveries that can be possible using niosomes like targeting, ophthalmic, topical, parenteral, etc. In recent research, comprehensive research carried over noisome as a drug carrier. Various drugs are enlisted and tried in noisome surfactant vesicles. Niosomes proved to better drug carrier system and has the potential to reduce the side effects of drugs and increased therapeutic effectiveness in various diseases. Noisome used more than fifty drugs are tried in niosomal formulations by the intravenous route, per oral administration, trans-dermal route of administration, and inhalation preparation, ocular nasal route of administration. Treatment of infectious diseases and immunization has undergone a revolutionary work in recent years. The large numbers of disease-specific biological have been developed, and also emphasis has been made to effectively deliver these biological. Niosomes shows an emerging class of novel vesicular systems. Niosomes are self-assembled vesicles composed primarily of synthetic surfactant and cholesterol. Comprehensive research carried over noisome as a drug carrier. Various drugs are enlisted and tried in noisome surfactant vesicles. This article presents an overview of the techniques of preparation of noisome, types of noisome, characterization and their applications. Keywords-Niosomes; Method of preparation; Evaluation study; Application of Niosome

Antidiabetic Potential of Herbal Plants

Diabetes mellitus (DM), both insulin-dependent DM (IDDM) and non-insulin dependent DM (NIDDM) is a common and serious metabolic disorder throughout the world. Traditional plant treatments have been used throughout the world for the therapy of diabetes mellitus. Among many medications and polyherbal plants, several herbs have been known to cure and control diabetes; additionally they have no side effects. Diabetes mellitus is a dreadful disease found in all parts of the world and is becoming a serious threat to mankind health. Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels thatresult from defects in insulin secretion, or action, or both.  Thus, plants are a potential source of anti-diabetic drugs which can be proved by the ethnobotanical information reports about 800 plants that may possess anti-diabetic potential. Although, synthetic oral hypoglycemic agents/insulin is the mainstream treatment of diabetes and effective in controlling hyperglycaemia, they have prominent side effects and fail to significantly alter the course of diabetic complications. This forms the main reason for an increasing number of people finding alternating therapies that may have less severe or no side effects. This article presents a review on some reported antidiabetic medicinal plants (with their botanical name, common name, constituent and mechanism of action for antidiabetic action) and plant based marketed polyherbal  herbal formulations Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Medicinal plants,glucose , polyherbal plant