Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Disorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021. Methods: We estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined. Findings: Globally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer. Interpretation: As the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Responses of Semi-Scavenging F1 Crossbred (Rhode Island Red Male ×Fayoumi Female) Grower and Pre-Layer Chickens to Diets of Different Nutrient Density Formulated with Locally Available Feed Ingredients

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the birds’ responses to diets of varying nutrient concentrations, one with 126 eight-week old F1 crossbred (Rhode Island Red male×Fayoumi female) birds up to 20 weeks of age (growing stage) and another with ninety 20-week-old birds up to 22 weeks (pre-layer stage) under semi-scavenging condition in the poultry farm. Dietary treatments consisted of an arrangement of three diets that contained 14% crude protein (CP) and 2550kcal metabolizable energy (ME)/kg (low nutrient density ; LND), 15% CP and 2750kcal ME/kg (moderate nutrient density ; MND) and 16% CP and 2950kcal ME/kg (high nutrient density ; HND). The contents of CP, ME and calcium (Ca) in MND diet were fitted with the requirements calculated in this experiment based on five nutrient specifications in the world. All diets were formulated using locally available conventional feedstuffs and un-conventional feed ingredients employing a free software of computer program for least-cost feed formulation. The responses of grower birds to different diets showed that the highest body weight and live weight gain were achieved by the birds that received HND diet that differed significantly from those of LND diet (p<0.05). Uniformity, defined in this study, at 20 weeks of age was significantly highest in birds reared on HND than those of LND and MND groups (p<0.01). During the pre-layer period, the birds of LND diet group consumed the highest amount of feed that differed significantly from other dietary groups (p<0.01). Uniformity at 22 weeks of age in all groups improved but it was still higher in MND and HND diet groups. It may be concluded that it is possible to formulate least-cost poultry diets by incorporating locally available feed ingredients and the responses of birds to HND is most favorable and therefore its nutrient specifications may be followed for formulating diets of semi-scavenging F1 crossbred (Rhode Island Red male×Fayoumi female) grower and pre-layer chickens

Effect of Fe Substitution on the Structural, Magnetic and Magnetocaloric Properties of Pr0.6La0.1Mg0.3Mn1−x Fe x O3 (0≤x≤0.3) Perovskite Manganites Prepared by Sol Gel Method

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