2 research outputs found
Predicting the Effects of Nanoscale Cerium Additives in Diesel Fuel on Regional-Scale Air Quality
Diesel vehicles are a major source
of air pollutant emissions.
Fuel additives containing nanoparticulate cerium (nCe) are currently
being used in some diesel vehicles to improve fuel efficiency. These
fuel additives also reduce fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) emissions and alter the emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen
oxides (NO<sub><i>x</i></sub>), and hydrocarbon (HC) species,
including several hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). To predict their
net effect on regional air quality, we review the emissions literature
and develop a multipollutant inventory for a hypothetical scenario
in which nCe additives are used in all on-road and nonroad diesel
vehicles. We apply the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model
to a domain covering the eastern U.S. for a summer and a winter period.
Model calculations suggest modest decreases of average PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations and relatively larger decreases in particulate elemental
carbon. The nCe additives also have an effect on 8 h maximum ozone
in summer. Variable effects on HAPs are predicted. The total U.S.
emissions of fine-particulate cerium are estimated to increase 25-fold
and result in elevated levels of airborne cerium (up to 22 ng/m<sup>3</sup>), which might adversely impact human health and the environment
Near-Road Modeling and Measurement of Cerium-Containing Particles Generated by Nanoparticle Diesel Fuel Additive Use
Cerium oxide nanoparticles
(nCe) are used as a fuel-borne catalyst
in diesel engines to reduce particulate emissions, yet the environmental
and human health impacts of the exhaust particles are not well understood.
To bridge the gap between emission measurements and ambient impacts,
size-resolved measurements of particle composition and mass concentration
have been performed in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom, where
buses have used an nCe additive since 2005. These observations show
that the noncrustal cerium fraction thought to be associated with
the use of nCe has a mass concentration ∼0.3 ng m<sup>–3</sup> with a size distribution peaking at 100–320 nm in aerodynamic
diameter. Simulations with a near-roadway multicomponent sectional
aerosol dynamic model predict that the use of nCe additives increases
the number concentration of nuclei mode particles (<50 nm in diameter)
while decreasing the total mass concentration. The near-road model
predicts a downwind mass size distribution of cerium-containing particles
peaking at 150 nm in aerodynamic diameter, a value similar to that
measured for noncrustal cerium in Newcastle. This work shows that
both the emission and atmospheric transformation of cerium-containing
particles needs to be taken into account by regional modelers, exposure
scientists, and policymakers when determining potential environmental
and human health impacts