Endodontic management of dental pain in an inhibitor positive, severe Hemophilia A patient: A brief review and report of a case

Dental health care providers often have to deal with patients requiring special care during treatment planning, and certain precautions while carrying out the procedures, and patients with bleeding disorders are one of them. Hemophilia, an X-linked blood dyscrasia, is the most common bleeding disorder. While hemophilia-A is a deficiency of factor VIII, hemophilia-B (Christmas disease) is a deficiency of factor IX. The present paper presents a case discussing endodontic management of mandibular molars with irreversible pulpits in an inhibitor positive severe hemophilia-A patient. As such patients may require administration of inferior alveolar nerve blocks, so adequate factor levels should be ensured before initiation of local anesthetics. Furthermore, the authors have tried to highlight the barriers to oral health care suffered by such patients and the larger role played by the physicians and oral health care providers in the prevention, early detection, and timely intervention in these cases

Verloren negatively regulates the expression of IMD pathway dependent antimicrobial peptides in Drosophila

Drosophila immune deficiency (IMD) pathway is similar to the human tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) signaling pathway and is preferentially activated by Gram-negative bacterial infection. Recent studies highlighted the importance of IMD pathway regulation as it is tightly controlled by numbers of negative regulators at multiple levels. Here, we report a new negative regulator of the IMD pathway, Verloren (Velo). Silencing of Velo led to constitutive expression of the IMD pathway dependent antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and Escherichia coli stimulation further enhanced the AMP expression. Epistatic analysis indicated that Velo knock-down mediated AMP upregulation is dependent on the canonical members of the IMD pathway. The immune fluorescent study using overexpression constructs revealed that Velo resides both in the nucleus and cytoplasm, but the majority (~ 75%) is localized in the nucleus. We also observed from in vivo analysis that Velo knock-down flies exhibit significant upregulation of the AMP expression and reduced bacterial load. Survival experiments showed that Velo knock-down flies have a short lifespan and are susceptible to the infection of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, P. aeruginosa. Taken together, these data suggest that Velo is an additional new negative regulator of the IMD pathway, possibly acting in both the nucleus and cytoplasm

High resolution mapping of QTLs for fruit color and firmness in Amrapali/Sensation mango hybrids

IntroductionMango (Mangifera indica L.), acclaimed as the ‘king of fruits’ in the tropical world, has historical, religious, and economic values. It is grown commercially in more than 100 countries, and fresh mango world trade accounts for ~3,200 million US dollars for the year 2020. Mango is widely cultivated in sub-tropical and tropical regions of the world, with India, China, and Thailand being the top three producers. Mango fruit is adored for its taste, color, flavor, and aroma. Fruit color and firmness are important fruit quality traits for consumer acceptance, but their genetics is poorly understood.MethodsFor mapping of fruit color and firmness, mango varieties Amrapali and Sensation, having contrasting fruit quality traits, were crossed for the development of a mapping population. Ninety-two bi-parental progenies obtained from this cross were used for the construction of a high-density linkage map and identification of QTLs. Genotyping was carried out using an 80K SNP chip array.Results and discussionInitially, we constructed two high-density linkage maps based on the segregation of female and male parents. A female map with 3,213 SNPs and male map with 1,781 SNPs were distributed on 20 linkages groups covering map lengths of 2,844.39 and 2,684.22cM, respectively. Finally, the integrated map was constructed comprised of 4,361 SNP markers distributed on 20 linkage groups, which consisted of the chromosome haploid number in Mangifera indica (n =20). The integrated genetic map covered the entire genome of Mangifera indica cv. Dashehari, with a total genetic distance of 2,982.75 cM and an average distance between markers of 0.68 cM. The length of LGs varied from 85.78 to 218.28 cM, with a mean size of 149.14 cM. Phenotyping for fruit color and firmness traits was done for two consecutive seasons. We identified important consistent QTLs for 12 out of 20 traits, with integrated genetic linkages having significant LOD scores in at least one season. Important consistent QTLs for fruit peel color are located at Chr 3 and 18, and firmness on Chr 11 and 20. The QTLs mapped in this study would be useful in the marker-assisted breeding of mango for improved efficiency

Protein engineering for biofuel production: Recent development

The unstable and unsure handiness of crude oil sources moreover the rising price of fuels have shifted international efforts to utilize renewable resources for the assembly of greener energy and a replacement which might additionally meet the high energy demand of the globe. Biofuels represent a sustainable, renewable, and also the solely predictable energy supply to fossil fuels. During the green production of Biofuels, several in vivo processes place confidence in the conversion of biomass to sugars by engineered enzymes, and the subsequent conversion of sugars to chemicals via designed proteins in microbial production hosts. Enzymes are indispensable within the effort to provide fuels in an ecologically friendly manner. They have the potential to catalyze reactions with high specificity and potency while not using dangerous chemicals. Nature provides an in depth assortment of enzymes, however usually these should be altered to perform desired functions in needed conditions. Presently available enzymes like cellulose are subject to tight induction and regulation systems and additionally suffer inhibition from numerous end products. Therefore, more impregnable and economical catalyst preparations ought to be developed for the enzymatic method to be more economical. Approaches like protein engineering, reconstitution of protein mixtures and bio prospecting for superior enzymes are gaining importance. Advances in enzyme engineering allow the planning and/or directed evolution of enzymes specifically tailored for such industrial applications. Recent years have seen the production of improved enzymes to help with the conversion of biomass into fuels. The assembly of the many of those fuels is feasible due to advances in protein engineering. This review discusses the distinctive challenges that protein engineering faces in the method of changing lignocellulose to biofuels and the way they're addressed by recent advances in this field

Counter the Presence of Endotoxin- Reviewing Molecular and Downstream Approach

Endotoxins are major components of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria. Endotoxin mainly includes lipopolysaccharides (LPS) which consist of O-antigen region, a core oligosaccharide and lipid A. LPS causes various side effects such as septic shock, hyperthermia, hepatic shock, etc. Exposure to endotoxin causes histological variations in inflammatory cells. Research at molecular level has revealed that ATPase activity is inhibited by endotoxin. LPS plays a crucial role in inhibition of mitochondrial functions and cellular transport system. Various attempts are being made for the treatment of deteriorating effects of endotoxins on immune system. These include use of anti-endotoxin antibodies and receptor molecules to block the endotoxin receptors. This work discusses over the aspects of removal of endotoxin by the ways of development of purification techniques and also highlights the research conducted to alter the release and/or affect the structure of endotoxin which may lead to reducing the ill-effects. Taking the molecular approach the effect of endotoxin could be reduced thereby inducing the reaction between small subunits of endotoxin and LPS inhibitors preventing the formation of large stable complexes thereby reducing its effect. Downstream approach is followed in order to remove the endotoxins as contaminant in the biological preparations. This can be achieved by improving the separation system of the biological molecules. Use of active biomolecules in place of synthetic chemicals may prove effective. This paper discusses the molecular and processing aspects to counter endotoxin

Temporal trend and high-risk areas of rabies occurrences in animals in Nepal from 2005 to 2018

Rabies is an important zoonosis in both the public and animal health domains. The occurrences of animal rabies have been continuously reported in Nepal. For the effective control and management of animal rabies, a better understanding of rabies epidemiology is essential. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the spatial distribution and to describe the epidemiological characteristics of animal rabies occurrences in Nepal. Official reports of rabies occurrences from 2005 to 2018 were analyzed using the Global Moran’s Index and Local Moran’s Index. The study revealed an increasing trend in the later years of the study period after 2014 with occurrences clustered around the southern region of the country. For the overall period, the high—high clustering areas were mostly found in Dailekh and Kailali. In addition, different areas were visualized as high-risk areas in various years. This study identified the high-risk areas of rabies; thus, authorities and stakeholders can utilize this finding in enhancing the rabies control program in the countr

Over-expression of superoxide dismutase ameliorates Cr(VI) induced adverse effects via modulating cellular immune system of Drosophila melanogaster.

The evolutionarily conserved innate immune system plays critical role for maintaining the health of an organism. However, a number of environmental chemicals including metals are known to exert adverse effects on immune system. The present study assessed the in vivo effect of a major environmental chemical, Cr(VI), on cellular immune response using Drosophila melanogaster and subsequently the protective role of superoxide dismutase (SOD) based on the comparable performance of the tested anti-oxidant enzymes. The immuno-modulatory potential of Cr(VI) was demonstrated by observing a significant reduction in the total hemocyte count along with impaired phagocytic activity in exposed organism. Concurrently, a significant increase in the percentage of Annexin V-FITC positive cells, activation of DEVDase activity, generation of free radical species along with inhibition of anti-oxidant enzyme activities was observed in the hemocytes of exposed organism. In addition, we have shown that ONOO(-) is primarily responsible for Cr(VI) induced adverse effects on Drosophila hemocytes along with O2(-). While generation of O2(-)/ONOO(-) in Cr(VI) exposed Drosophila hemocytes was found to be responsible for the suppression of Drosophila cellular immune response, Cr(VI) induced alteration was significantly reduced by the over-expression of sod in Drosophila hemocytes. Overall, our results suggest that manipulation of one of the anti-oxidant genes, sod, benefits the organism from Cr(VI) induced alteration in cellular immunity. Further, this study demonstrates the applicability of D. melanogaster to examine the possible effects of environmental chemicals on innate immunity which can be extrapolated to higher organisms due to evolutionary conservation of innate immune system between Drosophila and mammals

Assessing genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by spoligotyping and IS6110-based restriction fragment length polymorphism in North India

Objective/background: Molecular epidemiology methods are very useful for differentiating between strains, assessing their diversity, and measuring the prevalence of the most circulating strain in an area. Various molecular typing methods using different molecular markers have been utilized worldwide, such as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), spoligotyping, Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Unit – Variable Number of Tandem Repeat (MIRU-VNTR), and Double repetitive element-PCR (DRE-PCR) typing, for simultaneous detection and epidemiologic typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The present study is conducted to assess the genetic diversity of M. tuberculosis by IS6110-RFLP and spoligotyping in patients attending a tertiary care hospital in eastern Uttar Pradesh, North India. Methods: A total of 83 representative isolates of M. tuberculosis were included in this study. These isolates were subjected to spoligotyping and IS6110-RFLP DNA fingerprinting techniques as described previously. Results: The spoligotype patterns were compared with SpolDB4.0; patterns of 64 out of 83 M. tuberculosis isolates were matched with the available data, while 19 isolates were found to be orphan, that is, absent in the SpolDB4.0 database. The majority of the M. tuberculosis strains (56.5%) belong to central Asian (32.5%), ill defined T (13.2%), and Beijing (10.8%) families. On IS6110-RFLP analysis, in 19.2% (16/83) of these isolates, IS6110 element was not found (0 copy number strains). Further, 15.6% (13/83) isolates were found to be low-copy-number strains having less than six copies of IS6110 element, and the remaining 65.0% (54/83) were multiple-copy-number strains with six or more copies of the element. On comparing the results of spoligotyping and IS-6110-RFLP, a total of 47 isolates were clustered by spoligotyping; out of these isolates, 40 were found to be unique by IS6110-RFLP. Conclusion: Spoligotype analysis resulted in the grouping of a much larger number of isolates within apparently identical clusters compared with IS6110-RFLP typing, while IS6110-RFLP was not found to effectively distinguish between zero- and low-copy-number isolates. Therefore, we concluded that, in India, the use of both the techniques simultaneously for DNA fingerprinting of M. tuberculosis could be a better approach