(IAV): Influenza A Virus (IAV) detected in poultry farms of Ramechhap District.

The four farms were numbered from R1 to R4. Each sample represents pooled oral and cloacal samples. The gel was run with ladder in the first well and positive and negative controls in the last two well respectively. (TIF)</p

(Mg): <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> (Mg) detected in poultry farms of Kavre District.

The four farms were numbered from K1 to K4. Each sample represents pooled oral and cloacal samples. The gel was run with ladder in the first well and positive and negative controls in the last two well respectively. (TIF)</p

Knowledge and perception of AMR among poultry farmers.

Responses (in percentage) obtained from farmers on AMR-related questions.</p

Graphical representation of BBCM scores received by all 16 farms for various biosafety & biosecurity parameters.

Scores (percentage) received by all farms assessed in this study using BBCM score. Numbers in parenthesis in the legend refers to total number of activities assessed within each criterion.</p

(Mg): <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> (Mg) detected in poultry farms of Ramechhap District.

The four farms were numbered from R1 to R4. Each sample represents pooled oral and cloacal samples. The gel was run with ladder in the first well and positive and negative controls in the last two well respectively. (Ms): Mycoplasma synoviae (Ms) detected in poultry farms of Ramechhap District. The four farms were numbered from R1 to R4. Each sample represents pooled oral and cloacal samples. The gel was run with ladder in the first well and positive and negative controls in the last two well respectively. (ZIP)</p

Various types of antibiotics used (in %) in the surveyed poultry farms.

Various types of antibiotics used (in %) in the surveyed poultry farms.</p

Types, age, and total number of chickens in each farm.

Types, age, and total number of chickens in each farm.</p

(Mg): <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> (Mg) detected in poultry farms of Sindhupalchowk District.

The four farms were numbered from S1 to S4. Each sample represents pooled oral and cloacal samples. The gel was run with ladder in the first well and positive and negative controls in the last two well respectively. (TIF)</p

Biosafety and biosecurity risk assessment results.

Overall average BBCM score was calculated by dividing the sum of all BBCM fulfilled criteria (n) and calculating the percentage. The highest BBCM score (Sindhupalchowk Farm 4) was 67%, and the lowest BBCM score was 12% (Kavre Farm 3). The total number of activities assessed in each criterion are listed within parenthesis. Details of the activities assessed are shown in S1 Table.</p

Selected poultry farms in the districts (Kavre, Sindhupalchowk, Ramechhap and Nuwakot) surrounding Kathmandu valley.

The top map shows location of the districts in Nepal and the bottom map shows their location in respect with Kathmandu District (shown just for reference, not a sampling site). The map was generated using QGIS software, Version 3.30.0 [23]. The base map of Nepal administrative shape files was obtained from Open Data Nepal (http://opendatanepal.com).</p