Occurrence and predictors of gingivitis and supragingival calculus in a population of Brazilian adults

The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of gingivitis and calculus and their predictors in a population of adults in Brazil. A representative sample of 758 adults from 35 to 59 years of age from Porto Alegre city was examined. A structured questionnaire was applied. The Gingival Bleeding Index and the presence of calculus were measured at 4 sites/tooth. Multivariable logistic models were fitted to determine the predictors for gingival bleeding at >20% of sites. Overall, 96.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]=95.1-98.0) of individuals had ≥ 1 bleeding site. The mean percentages of sites with gingivitis and calculus were 26.1% and 44.6%, respectively. The odds of gingivitis decreased by ~45% for individuals ≥40 years old compared to younger adults. Individuals that never performed interproximal cleaning and non-whites had an approximately two times higher chance of gingivitis. Smokers had lower chances of gingivitis than never-smokers (odds ratio=0.40; 95% CI=0.24-0.68). Higher numbers of missing teeth were associated with higher chances of gingivitis. The percentage of calculus was significantly associated with skin color, education, proximal cleaning, smoking exposure, dental visits, and tooth loss. It can be concluded that the occurrence of gingivitis and calculus was high in this Brazilian population, and it was associated with age, skin color, education, self-reported proximal cleaning, smoking, dental care, and tooth loss

Gingivitis in adult and elderly population of Porto Alegre: occurrence, extent and risk indicators.

A gengivite é uma doença causada pelo biofilme supragengival e se caracteriza por um processo inflamatório do periodonto de proteção. A presença de biofilme supragengival e consequente inflamação gengival são condições fundamentais na cascata de eventos para o desenvolvimento de periodontites, mesmo que se saiba que nem toda gengivite evolua para uma periodontite. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a ocorrência, a extensão e os indicadores de risco para gengivite em uma amostra urbana representativa de indivíduos acima de 35 anos de idade da cidade de Porto Alegre. Este estudo observacional transversal de base populacional teve uma amostra representativa de 1023 indivíduos, de ambos os sexos, distribuídos em 48 setores censitários de 16 bairros da cidade. A amostra foi obtida por meio de uma amostragem aleatória proporcional de múltiplos-estágios baseada na renda mensal dos chefes de família. Os indivíduos responderam a um questionário estruturado e receberam um exame clínico em quatro sítios por dente de todos os dentes presentes. A prevalência de gengivite foi quase universal, com 96,3% de indivíduos apresentando pelo menos um sítio com gengivite. A extensão do sangramento gengival foi observada em pouco mais de um quarto dos sítios. Gengivite foi relacionada à cor não branca, nível socioeconômico e educacional baixos, ausência de limpeza interproximal e de visitas ao dentista, assim como maiores percentuais de cálculo dental. Fumantes apresentaram menos gengivite do que nunca fumantes. Pode-se concluir que existe uma alta prevalência de gengivite na população estudada, estando associada a diferentes fatores comportamentais, sociodemográficos e locais.Gengivitis is a condition caused by supra-gingival biofilm characterized by an inflammatory process along the periodontium. The presence of supra-gingival biofilm and the consequent gingival inflammation are underlying conditions to the sequence of events that contributes to the development of periodontitis, even though not all gingivitis are able to progress to periodontitis. The aim of this study is to determine the occurrence, the extension and the risk indicators to gingivitis in a representative sample of urban population aged over 35 years in the city of Porto Alegre. This cross-sectional observational population-based study was performed with a representative sample of 1023 both male and female subjects distributed in 48 census sectors of 16 districts in the city. Through a proportional random multistage sampling, the sample was obtained based on the household’s monthly income. A structured questionnaire was answered by the subjects and a clinical examination was applied in four sites in each present teeth. An universal prevalence of gingivitis was found, as 96,3% of the subject showed at least one site with gingivitis. The extension of gingival bleeding was observed in more than a quarter of the sites. It was found that gingivitis is related to non-white subjects, low socio-economical and educational status, absence of interproximal cleaning and dental appointments, as well as high percentage of dental calculus. Smoking subjects presented less gingivitis than subjects that have never smoked. It can be concluded that there is high prevalence of gingivitis in the analyzed sample associated with several behavioral, social-demographic and local factors

Gingivitis in adult and elderly population of Porto Alegre: occurrence, extent and risk indicators.

A gengivite é uma doença causada pelo biofilme supragengival e se caracteriza por um processo inflamatório do periodonto de proteção. A presença de biofilme supragengival e consequente inflamação gengival são condições fundamentais na cascata de eventos para o desenvolvimento de periodontites, mesmo que se saiba que nem toda gengivite evolua para uma periodontite. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a ocorrência, a extensão e os indicadores de risco para gengivite em uma amostra urbana representativa de indivíduos acima de 35 anos de idade da cidade de Porto Alegre. Este estudo observacional transversal de base populacional teve uma amostra representativa de 1023 indivíduos, de ambos os sexos, distribuídos em 48 setores censitários de 16 bairros da cidade. A amostra foi obtida por meio de uma amostragem aleatória proporcional de múltiplos-estágios baseada na renda mensal dos chefes de família. Os indivíduos responderam a um questionário estruturado e receberam um exame clínico em quatro sítios por dente de todos os dentes presentes. A prevalência de gengivite foi quase universal, com 96,3% de indivíduos apresentando pelo menos um sítio com gengivite. A extensão do sangramento gengival foi observada em pouco mais de um quarto dos sítios. Gengivite foi relacionada à cor não branca, nível socioeconômico e educacional baixos, ausência de limpeza interproximal e de visitas ao dentista, assim como maiores percentuais de cálculo dental. Fumantes apresentaram menos gengivite do que nunca fumantes. Pode-se concluir que existe uma alta prevalência de gengivite na população estudada, estando associada a diferentes fatores comportamentais, sociodemográficos e locais.Gengivitis is a condition caused by supra-gingival biofilm characterized by an inflammatory process along the periodontium. The presence of supra-gingival biofilm and the consequent gingival inflammation are underlying conditions to the sequence of events that contributes to the development of periodontitis, even though not all gingivitis are able to progress to periodontitis. The aim of this study is to determine the occurrence, the extension and the risk indicators to gingivitis in a representative sample of urban population aged over 35 years in the city of Porto Alegre. This cross-sectional observational population-based study was performed with a representative sample of 1023 both male and female subjects distributed in 48 census sectors of 16 districts in the city. Through a proportional random multistage sampling, the sample was obtained based on the household’s monthly income. A structured questionnaire was answered by the subjects and a clinical examination was applied in four sites in each present teeth. An universal prevalence of gingivitis was found, as 96,3% of the subject showed at least one site with gingivitis. The extension of gingival bleeding was observed in more than a quarter of the sites. It was found that gingivitis is related to non-white subjects, low socio-economical and educational status, absence of interproximal cleaning and dental appointments, as well as high percentage of dental calculus. Smoking subjects presented less gingivitis than subjects that have never smoked. It can be concluded that there is high prevalence of gingivitis in the analyzed sample associated with several behavioral, social-demographic and local factors

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data