PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SECONDARY COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common endocrine metabolic disorder, characterised by hyperglycemia. The cause of this hyperglycemia is either insufficient or inefficient insulin which leads to the imbalance in the metabolism of not only carbohydrates but also protein and lipids. Diabetes mellitus is associated with various kind of abnormalities which affects almost all the parts of the body including eye, kidney, brain, foot etc. Hyperglycemia is not the only reason which gives diabetes mellitus a tag of most apocalyptic disease; it is the complications which arise from the higher concentration of glucose or metabolites comes from its variant metabolic pathways. DM causes both microvascular and macrovascular complications. Microvascular complications, caused by the damage of small blood vessels, includes nephropathy (kidney disease), retinopathy (eye damage) and neuropathy (nerve damage) whereas macrovascular complication, caused by the damage of large blood vessels, includes blood vessels arteries and veins. There are six metabolic pathways are there which normally leads to these complications. These pathways are sorbitol pathway, advanced glycation pathway, Hexosamine pathway, PKC pathway, ketoaldehyde pathway and oxidative stress

HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS ASSOCIATED CERVICAL CANCER: A REVIEW

ABSTRACTGlobally, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer, and in India, it is the most common cancer in women. Human papilloma virus (HPV) isthe main cause of it. Although there are several methods for preventing cervical cancer, primary prevention by vaccination is the most effective option.HPV vaccine is safe and effective. It is expensive and is not a replacement for periodic cervical screening procedures. In developing countries, the costeffectivenessofthevaccineand that ofeffectivescreeningprogramwith broadercoverageis questionable.Today,HPV vaccinewith regularcervicalcancerscreeningprogramis the best possible tooltopreventcervical cancer.Keywords: Papilloma, Cervical, E6, E7, Cancer, Epithelium

The Effects of Thymosin Alpha-1 on Macrophages: A Cytological and Anti-Inflammatory Study

Thymosin alpha 1 (Tα-1) is a naturally occurring substance synthesized by the thymus tissue, known to activate various immune system cells. It has been reported to increase the production of Natural Killer cells, CD4 and CD8 cells, and cytokines such as IL-2, IL-3, and IFNγ. Furthermore, it plays a vital role in regulating immunity, inflammation, and tolerance. Its effect on the immune system is exerted via its modulatory action on innate immune system cells, thereby functioning as an endogenous regulator for both inflammatory and adaptive immune systems. In this study, we sought to evaluate the cytological and anti-inflammatory effects of Tα-1 on RAW 264.7 cells. The cytological effects of Tα-1 were assessed using the MTT assay, with the IC50 value against RAW 264.7 cells determined to be 368.105 ug/ml. The morphological observations made at various concentrations of Tα-1 showed increased cytotoxicity and decreased cell density of RAW 264.7 cells with increasing test concentration. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory effects of Tα-1 were evaluated by analyzing the nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells. Treatment with the test items at concentrations ranging from 7.813 to 31.25 ug/ml showed a dose-dependent reduction in NO production compared with the control group. These findings suggest that Tα-1 may have the potential as an anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of various diseases associated with inflammation

HOSPITAL-BASED CLINICAL STUDY ON PREVALENCE OF TPO ANTIBODIES IN ASSOCIATION TO AUTOIMMUNE THYROID DISEASES IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

Objective: Autoimmune thyroid disease is one of the organs specific autoimmune disorders. The onset is much more common in women than in men. Worldwide, 2–4% of women and only 1% of men have affected and the rate increases with age. Thyroperoxidase (TPO) antibodies (Abs) level helps to diagnose autoimmune thyroid disease along with levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Free Tri-iodotyrosine (Free T3), and Free Thyroxin(Free T4) and it helps in differentiation between subclinical and overt thyroidism. The core objective of clinical study was to evaluate prevalence of anti-TPO Abs in association to autoimmune thyroid disease in a tertiary care hospital – Punjab. Methods: A cross-sectional study of random patient (n=200 patients) at a tertiary care hospital, Mohall – Punjab was carried out. All the patients fall in the age group 12–89 years. The parameters, which were used for the diagnosis of autoimmune thyroid disease, were anti-TPO level, Free T3 level, and Free T4 level. The patients were divided in different group on the basis of their age, gender, and their clinical conditions. The level of TPO Abs, TSH, Free T3, and Free T4 was noted for each patient. Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay method was used for determination of TPO Abs and other thyroid parameters. After a period of 16 weeks, subjects from different groups had great difference in their anti-TPO values in the autoimmune thyroid disease. Results: TPO Abs positive is one of the most common associated with hypothyroidism which was 36.5%, among them 20.5% suffered from subclinical hypothyroidism, whereas other remaining suffered from clinical hypothyroidism, clinical hyperthyroidism, and other autoimmune disease. Conclusion: TPO Abs level helps to diagnose autoimmune thyroid disease, along with this the level of TSH, Free T3, and Free T4 helps in differentiation between subclinical and overt thyroidism

BACTERIOLOGICAL PROFILE AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE PATTERNS ISOLATES IN PUS SAMPLES AT AGARTALA GOVERNMENT MEDICAL COLLEGE

Objective: Injudicious use of antibiotics in the management of pyogenic infections leads to emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance among pyogenic bacteria. This study aimed toward the determination of the bacterial isolates from pus samples and their antibiotic resistance pattern.Methods: A retrospective analysis of 359 consecutive pus specimens received at Microbiology Department of Gobind Ballabh Pant Hospital underAgartala Government Medical College, Agartala has been done. Bacterial isolates were identified by standard microbial techniques, and antibiotic susceptibility was done by modified Kirby-Bauer methods.Results: Growth was seen in 176 (49.02%) specimens out of 359 samples. A total of 176 specimens yielded single isolate whereas 4 specimens yielded 2 isolates. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism isolated 53 (30.11%) followed by Pseudomonas spp. 37 (21.02%), Klebsiella spp. 30 (17.07%), Escherichia coli 24 (13.63%) Proteus spp. 11 (6.40%), Acinetobacter spp. 7 (3.97%), Citrobacter spp., and Enterobacter spp. 4 (2.27%) each. The highest number of multidrugs resistant isolates was Klebsiella spp. All S. aureus were 100% sensitive to vancomycin, and all Gram-negative bacilli were 100% to sensitive to imipenem and amikacin.Conclusion: This study revealed the most common organism in pus samples is S. aureus followed by Pseudomonas spp. and highly multidrug resistance Klebsiella spp. Hence, continued monitoring of susceptibility pattern need to be carried out to detect the true burden of antibiotic resistance in organism and prevent their further emergence by judicious use of drugs.Keywords: Pyogenic bacteria, Antibiotic resistance, Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella, Antibiotic policy.Â

CORRELATION OF BODY MASS INDEX WITH THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONES IN THYROID PATIENT

Objective: The present study was investigated to determine the correlation of body mass index (BMI) with thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH) in thyroid patient.Methods: The data which are used in this study were taken in Tagore Hospital and Heart Care Centre (Jalandhar). A total of 90 volunteers both males and females in the age group between 17 and 85 years were included in this study. The following information taken on pro forma such as age in years, height (cm), weight (kg), and history (including: Chief complaints, family thyroid history, blood pressure, temperature, and head and neck examination) from the subjects were collected. Serum T3, T4 and TSH test are performed by the use of instrument ADVIA Centaur@CP Immunoassay System (SIEMENS). The total data were divided into three groups named as: Subclinical hypothyroid (SH) (n=30), euthyroid (n=57), and hyperthyroid including only three patients, and according to age, weight (kg), height (m2), and BMI, the mean±standard deviation (S.D) values were calculated. The BMI is calculated with the formula given by the WHO.Results: For correlation analysis, according to total male and female population in euthyroid group, the mean and SD values of TSH and BMI were calculated. Maximum values of T3 (4.7) and T4 (22.1) in hyperthyroid and TSH (9.9) in SH group were found. The high mean values of T3 (2.92) and T4 (18.46) in hyperthyroid and TSH (29.1) in SH group were observed. Low mean values of T3 (0.97) and T4 (7.7) in SH and low mean TSH (0.04) in hypothyroid group were noticed.Conclusion: Based on the data analysis, it can interpreted that a poor positive correlation between TSH and BMI and poor negative correlation between TSH and BMI are associated in euthyroid subjects. It indicates that, when TSH increases, the BMI will also be increased in total and female euthyroid subjects

Effective Emergency Communication through Public Displays: A Real-Time Evaluation with the Emergency Communication Display Test

In the study of "Effective Emergency Communication through Public Displays," our research indicates major advancements and problems in using public displays to disseminate essential information during crises. According to data research, there has been a 33% rise in the deployment of high-resolution 4K TVs, showing a technical change toward improved message visibility and clarity. Geographic distribution has improved, with a 10% increase in ideal placements in high-risk regions due to population density and vulnerability evaluations. Message design and content adherence to plain language standards, as well as the usage of visual aids and standardized symbols, have all increased by 5%. The psychological components of message reception highlight the necessity of simple language and high-resolution panels, as LED screens result in a 15% higher message understanding rate than LCD screens, while jargon-laden messages raise audience anxiety levels by 25%. Although resilience evaluations have shown a 15% increase in the existence of backup power supplies and a 10% rise in remote monitoring capabilities, 20% of installations still have physical vulnerabilities. These results suggest a complete strategy to improving the efficacy of public displays for emergency communication, highlighting the need of continual technological improvements and best practices to protect the safety and well-being of different groups during disasters

Editorial: New mechanisms for anti-cancer drugs

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally (Siegel et al., 2023). Ongoing investigations aim to discover and develop new drugs for treating cancer (Debela et al., 2021). However, identifying and evaluating the effectiveness of drugs poses a significant challenge. The Research Topic of “New Mechanisms for Anti-Cancer Drugs” is focused on gathering different studies that highlight innovative chemical or natural compounds with unique modes of action to target cell signaling pathways and exert cytotoxic effects on cancer cells. This Research Topic is an amalgamation of preclinical and clinical studies and review articles