Statistische Analysen zur Milchproduktion in Deutschland: Geografische Darstellung

Im Rahmen verschiedener Analysen sind eine Vielzahl von Karten, Tabellen und Abbildungen entstanden, die die Milchproduktion in Deutschland betreffen. Diese Materialien werden im vorliegenden Arbeitsbericht zusammengestellt. Die Daten wurden soweit möglich auf Landkreisebene aufbereitet, andernfalls auf Bundesländerebene. Eine Kommentierung findet nicht hier statt, sondern in den weiterführenden Publikationen. Zweck dieser Zusammenstellung ist es einen komprimierten Überblick über die regional differenzierte Datengrundlage zur Milchproduktion zu geben. --

Impact of Hydrolysis Methods on the Utilization of Agricultural Residues as Nutrient Source for D-lactic Acid Production by <i>Sporolactobacillus inulinus</i>

d-lactic acid is a building block for heat resistant polylactic acid, a biobased polymer with a high potential. Nevertheless, an economically efficient industrial process for d-lactic acid production still needs to be implemented. Yeast extract is an expensive nutrient source, which is used to fulfill the complex nutritional requirements in lactic acid fermentations. The substitution of yeast extract by cheap alternative nutrient sources is a challenge in many fermentation processes. In this study, chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis techniques for protein rich agricultural residues and their effectiveness are compared, as well as their impact on the d-lactic acid production of Sporolactobacillus inulinus. An efficient substitution of yeast extract could be achieved by a variety of agricultural residues, hydrolysed with 3M H2SO4, demonstrating the much higher versatility and effectiveness of this method compared to enzymatic methods. In a fed-batch experiment with chemically hydrolyzed rapeseed meal and minimal supplementation, a lactic acid titer of 221 g L&#8722;1 and an overall productivity of 1.55 g (L h)&#8722;1 (96% yield) were obtained

Catalytic Dehydration of Fructose to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in Low-Boiling Solvent Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP)

A mixture of hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) and water was used as a new and unknown monophasic reaction solvent for fructose dehydration in order to produce HMF. HFIP is a low-boiling fluorous alcohol (b.p. 58 &deg;C). Hence, HFIP can be recovered cost efficiently by distillation. Different ion-exchange resins were screened for the HFIP/water system in batch experiments. The best results were obtained for acidic macroporous ion-exchange resins, and high HMF yields up to 70% were achieved. The effects of various reaction conditions like initial fructose concentration, catalyst concentration, water content in HFIP, temperature and influence of the catalyst particle size were evaluated. Up to 76% HMF yield was attained at optimized reaction conditions for high initial fructose concentration of 0.5 M (90 g/L). The ion-exchange resin can simply be recovered by filtration and reused several times. This reaction system with HFIP/water as solvent and the ion-exchange resin Lewatit K2420 as catalyst shows excellent performance for HMF synthesis

Ustilago Rabenhorstiana—An Alternative Natural Itaconic Acid Producer

Itaconic acid is an industrial produced chemical by the sensitive filamentous fungus Aspergillus terreus and can replace petrochemical-based monomers for polymer industry. To produce itaconic acid with alternative renewable substrates, such as lignocellulosic based hydrolysates, a robust microorganism is needed due to varying compositions and impurities. Itaconic acid producing basidiomycetous yeasts of the family Ustilaginaceae provide this required characteristic and the species Ustilago rabenhorstiana was examined in this study. By an optimization of media components, process parameters, and a fed-batch mode with glucose the final titer increased from maximum 33.3 g&middot;L&minus;1 in shake flasks to 50.3 g&middot;L&minus;1 in a bioreactor. Moreover, itaconic acid was produced from different sugar monomers based on renewable feedstocks by U. rabenhorstiana and the robustness against weak acids as sugar degradation products was confirmed. Based on these findings, U. rabenhorstiana has a high potential as alternative natural itaconic acid producer besides the well-known U. maydis and A. terreus

Conversion of Fructose to HMF in a Continuous Fixed Bed Reactor with Outstanding Selectivity

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a very promising component for bio-based plastics. Efficient synthesis of HMF from biomass is still challenging because of fast degradation of HMF to by-products under formation conditions. Therefore, different studies, conducted mainly in monophasic and biphasic batch systems with and without water addition have been published and are still under investigation. However, to produce HMF at a large scale, a continuous process is preferable. Until now, only a few studies have been published in this context. In this work, it is shown that fluorous alcohol hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) can act as superior reaction solvent for HMF synthesis from fructose in a fixed bed reactor. Very high yields of 76% HMF can be achieved in this system under optimized conditions, whilst the catalyst is very stable over several days. Such high yields are only described elsewhere with high boiling reaction solvents like dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), whereas HFIP with a boiling point of 58 &deg;C is very easy to separate from HMF

Automated lab-scale production of PVA/PEG-enzyme immobilisates

International audienceEntrapment of biocatalysts by cryogelation is a gentle method to extend the scope of biocatalysis. To foster the use of this versatile method we devised an automated injector for the production of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/polyethylene glycol (PEG) beads. The device consists of a thermostated reservoir connected to a programmable injector nozzle and an agitated receiving bath for the droplets. This lab scale production unit yields up to 1500 beads with immobilised enzyme per minute with a narrow size distribution and good roundness