Astrophysics with core-collapse supernova gravitational wave signals in the next generation of gravitational wave detectors

The next generation of gravitational wave detectors will improve the detection prospects for gravitational waves from core-collapse supernovae. The complex astrophysics involved in core-collapse supernovae pose a significant challenge to modeling such phenomena. The Supernova Model Evidence Extractor (SMEE) attempts to capture the main features of gravitational wave signals from core-collapse supernovae by using numerical relativity waveforms to create approximate models. These models can then be used to perform Bayesian model selection to determine if the targeted astrophysical feature is present in the gravitational wave signal. In this paper, we extend SMEE's model selection capabilities to include features in the gravitational wave signal that are associated with g-modes and the standing accretion shock instability. For the first time, we test SMEE's performance using simulated data for planned future detectors, such as the Einstein Telescope, Cosmic Explorer, and LIGO Voyager. Further to this, we show how the performance of SMEE is improved by creating models from the spectrograms of supernova waveforms instead of their timeseries waveforms that contain stochastic features. In third generation detector configurations, we find that about 50% of neutrino-driven simulations were detectable at 100 kpc, and 10% at 275 kpc. The explosion mechanism was correctly determined for all detected signals

Factors That Prospective Teachers at Utah State University Considered Important in Their Decision to Enter Teacher Preparation

A critical shortage of teachers became an acute threat to society following World War II according to Jantzen (1959). Because of the shortage of teachers, many institutions of higher learning and a number of interested groups have discussed and made studies on means of recruiting prospective teachers, as brought out by Riccio(1961). The studies that have been made on prospective teachers expounded mainly on the age students decided to become teachers and influences from parents, relative-teachers, teachers, guidance counselors, and teaching experience

The crystal structure determinations of Lu−b3−sS−b4−s, nonstoichiometric Nb−b1−s−ḅ06−sS−b2−s, and three Group VIII coordination complexes

The crystal structures of five selected inorganic compounds have been determined from single crystal x-ray measurements. Each of these materials was found to have interesting and novel structural features. A brief description of the structural results of each compound is discussed below;Metallic Lu(,3)S(,4) was found to crystallize in the orthorhombic space group F(,ddd) with a = 10.747(3), b = 22.813(6), and c = 7.602(2)(ANGSTROM). The lattice is a supercell of the rock-salt structure type, similar to LuS which has a = 5.43(ANGSTROM). The metal occupancies form sheared population waves which are normal to the (066) orthorhombic lattice planes. Several crystals exhibited a disordering of the orthorhombic lattice over the cubic sublattice;The 3-R form of Nb(,1.06)S(,2) crystallizes in the space group R(,3m) with hexagonal lattice parameters a = 3.3285(4) and c = 17.910(4)(ANGSTROM). The principal niobium sites, which are 0.97(1) occupied, are surrounded by trigonal prisms of sulfurs; the additional 0.09(1) niobium occupies distorted octahedral sites in the van der Waals layers. The octahedral distortions are due to repulsion of the additional niobium by metal in the principal sites;The compound bis((delta)-camphorquinonedioximato)nickel(II), Ni((delta)-HCQD)(,2), crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P(,2(,1)2(,1)2(,1)) with a = 13.175(1), b = 13.652(2), and c = 12.031(3)(ANGSTROM). The ligands bond to the metal in a trans square-planar configuration via nitrogen and oxygen donor atoms. Absorption maxima in the infrared spectra at 1560 cm(\u27-1) and 1690 cm(\u27-1) are believed to be characteristic of vic-dioxime complexes which are N,O coordinated. There are no metal-metal or intermolecular hydrogen bonds in this structure;The hexanuclear cluster complex Ni((delta)-HCQD)(,2) (.) Ag(,3) (.) 2 1/2 CHCl(,3) crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P(,2(,1)2(,1)2(,1)) with a = 15.990(5), b = 38.44(1), and c = 13.437(5)(ANGSTROM). This complex is prepared by the reaction of Ni((delta)-HCQD)(,2) with silver nitrate. Three Ni((delta)-HCQD)(,2)(\u27-) groups are bonded to a linear backbone of three silver atoms. The ligands in the Ni((delta)-HCQD)(,2)(\u27-) groups have changed from trans to cis configurations around each nickel. The solvent groups are disordered over three sites;The compound cis-dichlorobis(methyldiphenylphosphinite)-palladium(II) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P(,2(,1)/n) with a = 12.539(6), b = 13.741(4), c = 15.147(4)(ANGSTROM), and (beta) = 94.6(5)(DEGREES). The phosphinite and chloride ligands coordinate to the metal in a cis square-planar configuration. The opening of the Cl-Pd-Cl angle 92.3(2)(DEGREES) is believed due to weakened Pd-Cl bonds and intramolecular hydrogen bond attractions between the chlorines and the phosphinite ligands;*DOE Report IS-T-911. This work was performed under Contract W-7405-eng-82 with the Department of Energy

The Impact of Contagion on Non-Performing Loans: Evidence from Australia and Canada

Despite Canadian and Australian banks being widely perceived as having weathered the storm of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) very successfully, the impaired assets (also known as non-performing loans) of both these two countries increased several fold during this crisis. Previous studies in other countries have tended to focus on the impact of bank specific factors, such as size and return on equity, in explaining bank risk. Our approach involves including those traditional variables, plus Distance to Default (DD), and a novel contagion variable, which is the effect of major global bank DD on Australian and Canadian non-performing loans. The study incorporates all twenty two listed Australian and Canadian Banks and uses a fixed effects panel data regression over the period 1999-2008. Robustness checks include correlation and VIF analysis as well a two stage least squares model as an alternative. We find that bank specific balance sheet and income statement factors are not good explanatory variables for bank risk. In contrast, the contagion variable is significant in explaining Canadian and Australian bank risk, which suggests that prudential regulators should look to specifically allocate a portion of regulatory capital to deal with contagion effects

A characterisation of the Gaussian free field

We prove that a random distribution in two dimensions which is conformally invariant and satisfies a natural domain Markov property is a multiple of the Gaussian free field. This result holds subject only to a fourth moment assumption

Peas in a pod: Canadian and Australian banks before and during a Global Financial Crisis

In the aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), the Canadian and Australian banking systems have been singled out by some commentators as having performed better than many other banking systems, particularly those in Europe, America and the United Kingdom. Banks in both Canada and Australia, for instance, have continued to report enviable earnings, sound capital levels, and high credit ratings both before and during the GFC. The G-20 and the European Union have tried to identify the features of the Canadian and Australian financial systems which have underpinned this success in order to use them in shaping a revised international regulatory framework. One area of focus has been the regulations governing “quality of capital”. Despite these apparent successes, there is some evidence that both Canadian and Australian banks experienced considerable deterioration in the market value of their assets during the GFC. In this paper we use the KMV / Merton structural methodology, which incorporates market asset values, to examine default probabilities of 9 listed Canadian banks and 13 Australian listed banks in both a pre-GFC period (2000-2006) and a GFC period (2007-2008). We also modify the model to incorporate conditional probability of default which measures extreme credit risk. This paper finds that bank risk was significantly similar for Australian and Canadian Banks during the GFC period. This includes an assessment of impaired assets, Value at Risk (VaR) and Distance to Default (DD), as well as the extreme measures of Conditional VaR (CVaR), and Conditional Distance to Default (CDD); metrics which confirm the two countries similarities in terms of a significant increase in credit risk between pre-GFC and GFC periods. The extent of this increase was, however, far more pronounced for Australia, which was coming off a lower base. Bank risk for both countries was found to be far lower than for global counterparts due to factors such as sound regulatory control and low levels of involvement in sub-prime lending. This could provide lessons for global banks on risk management. A key conclusion of the paper is that it is important that fluctuating market values, especially the extreme fluctuations which are measured by CVaR and CDD, are a key consideration when determining risk management criteria such as capital adequacy