Antimicrobial Resistance Of Escherichia Coli Isolates In Pig Farm Workers, Normal And Diarrhoeic Pigs

The enumeration of coliforms in faeces can be per formed by both the spread plate method or Most Probable Number ( MPN ) techniques , although MPN total coliform counts are significantly higher ( P<0.05 ) . In so lid agar media enumeration , MacConkey , Desoxycholate , Eosin-Methylene Blue and ENDO agars are suitable media for the enumeration of coliforms . The correlation coefficients of counts among media and technique is high . The mean colony forming unit ( CFU ) counts per gram for coliform in faeces varied from 2 . 6-6 . 4 X 107 and 1 . 8-2 . 7 X 108 for the pigs and form workers tested respectively . Random identification of 291 colonies on MacConkey agar on the basis of frequency of occurrence of numbers of lactose and nonlactose fermenters yielded 94 . 2 % Escherichia coli (E.coli).The other genera isolated includes Enterobacter , Klebsiella , Edwarsiella , Citrobacter and Serratia . About 8.2 % and 29.6 % of the E. coli isolates were non-lactose fermenters on MacConkey agar and did not show the characteristic green metallic sheen on Eosin- Methylene Blue agar respectively

Antimicrobial resistance of e. coli isolates from pig farm workers, nondiarrhoeic and diarrhoeic piglets

Antimicrobial resistance of 274 E. coli isolates from farm workers, nondiarrhoeic and diarrhoeic piglets to 11 antimicrobial agents was investigated to determine the antimicrobial resistance pattern of E. coli. Five pig farm were involved in this study. Antibacterial resistance was significantly higher (p>0.01) and almost 100% for Sulphasoxazole, streptomycin, and tetracylin in porcine isolate compared with the human isolate. The means percentage of antibiotic resistance between farms were not significantly different (p>0.05) irrespective of source of isolate. statistical analysis showed that the antibiotic resistance were significantly lower (p<0.05) in farm worker and isolates than in nondiarrhoeic and diarrhoeic piglet isolate. The percentage of isolate resistant to at least eight antibiotic were 27.7, 5.6 and 1.0 for isolates from diarrhoeic, nondiarrhoeic piglets and farm workers respectively. the present study also indicated that the mean antimicrobial resistance was significantly higher in larger farms (p<0.01) and in farms without a resident veterinarian (p<0.05)

Effect of Escherichia coli vaccination in gilts on piglet performances in a farm in Perak, Malaysia

This study aimed to determine the effect of Escherichia coli (Neocolipor vaccine – Merial) vaccination on neonatal diarrhoea score, growth parameters (average weight per piglet and average daily gain) and neonatal mortality rate in newborn piglets. A field trial was conducted in 35 litters of piglets from gilts selected from a farm in Perak, Malaysia. They were randomly allocated into treatment (16 litters from E. coli vaccinated gilts) and control (19 litters) groups. Body weights of the piglets were determined at days 1, 7, 14 and 21 of age and the episodes of diarrhoea and piglet mortality were monitored daily in each pen. The treatment group had significantly lower neonatal mortality rate, day-one neonatal diarrhoea percentage and diarrhoea in the overall period of 1- 21 days (p0.05) difference in the overall diarrhoea percentages and weekly growth parameters between groups. Some of the limitations of the study include environmental stress, routine and random treatment of piglets with diarrhoea with antimicrobial and biasness towards the control groups, which thereafter may have affected the significance of the diarrhoea score and growth parameters. It is presumed that piglets in the control group experienced severe diarrhoea during the first week of life, leading to the significantly (p<0.05) higher mortality rates. It is also deduced that piglets of the treatment group with diarrhoea that survived the first week have lower growth rates. However, in terms of neonatal mortality, the result is reproducible as it is in agreement with other field trials, which indicate that E. coli vaccination in dams could be an alternative way of moderating mortality due to E. coli. In conclusion, this pilot study showed that E. coli vaccination in gilts significantly reduces first week piglet mortality and diarrhoeal percentages at day-one under farm conditions

Detection of avian metapneumovirus field infection via reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and ELISA in two layer farms in Johore

Avian metapneumovirus (AMPV) infection which is known as 'swollen head syndrome' has been shown to be prevalent in poultry farms in Malaysia. Two layer farms in Johor denoted as Farm A and Farm B, with previous history of AMPV disease outbreak, were the subjects used for the AMPV field investigation in this study. Thirty chicks from respective treatment groups were monitored at day old, two, four and six weeks of age for AMPV antibody and antigen detection. RT-PCR and ELISA serology indicate that at 2 weeks of age. AMPV field infection had occured in Farm A. In Farm B, AMPV field infection or lateral spread of vaccine was observed as early as 2 weeks. AMPV seroconversion was generally observed at four weeks of age and AMPV subtypes A and B were detected via RT-PCR from both farms in this study. This is the first report of AMPV subtypes A and B by RT-PCR detection in Malaysia

Effects of Escherichia coli vaccination in gilts on piglet performance in a farm in Perak

This study aimed to observe the effects of Escherichia coli (Neocoliporvaccine – Merial) vaccination on diarrhoea percentages, growth parameters (average weight per piglet and average daily gain) and mortality rate in new-born piglets. A field trial was conducted in 35 litters of piglets from gilts selected from a farm in Perak. They were randomly allocated into Treatment (16 litters from E. coli vaccinated gilts) and Control (19 litters) groups respectively. Body weights of the piglets were measured at days 1, 7, 14 and 21 of age and the episodes of diarrhoea and piglet mortality were monitored daily for each pen. The Treatment group had significantly lower Day 1 neonatal diarrhoea percentage (p 0.05)in the overall diarrhoea percentages (1 - 14 days) and weekly growth parameters between both groups. Environmental stress and inevitable routine treatment of diarrhoea with antimicrobials within the farm may have affected the significance of the diarrhoea percentages and growth parameters in this study. In conclusion, E. coli vaccination in gilts was shown to significantly reduce piglet mortality from Day 1 to Day 7 and neonatal diarrhoeal percentageson1-day-old piglets under typical farm conditions in this pilot study in Malaysia

Observation of risk factors, clinical manifestations and genetic characterization of recent Newcastle disease virus outbreak in West Malaysia

Background: Newcastle disease virus remains a constant threat in commercial poultry farms despite intensive vaccination programs. Outbreaks attributed to ND can escalate and spread across farms and states contributing to major economic loss in poultry farms. Results: Phylogenetic analysis in our study showed that eleven of the samples belonged to genotype VIId. All farms were concurrently positive with two immunosuppressive viruses; Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) and Marek’s Disease Virus (MDV). Amino acid sequence analysis confirmed that eleven of the samples had sequence motifs for velogenic/mesogenic strains; three were lentogenic. Conclusion: In conclusion, no new NDV genotype was isolated from the 2011 NDV outbreak. This study suggests that the presence of other immunosuppressive agents such as IBD and MDV could have contributed to the dysfunction of the immune system of the chickens, causing severe NDV outbreaks in 2011. Risk factors related to biosecurity and farm practices appear to have a significant role in the severity of the disease observed in affected farms

Phylogenetic characterization of genes encoding for viral envelope glycoprotein (ORF5) and nucleocapsid protein (ORF7) of porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome virus found in Malaysia in 2013 and 2014

Background: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most expensive diseases of modern swine production & results in annual economic losses and cost the industry over 600 million USD in U.S. alone and billions of dollars worldwide. Two atypical PRRS cases were observed in 2013 and 2014 characterized by late-term abortion, fever and sudden increase in sow mortality which persisted for a prolonged period of time. Methods: Lungs, lymph nodes and other samples were collected for disease investigation. Sequencing of the viral envelope glycoprotein (ORF5) and nucleocapsid protein (ORF7) of PRRSV was done using the BigDye Terminator v3. 1 cycle sequencing kit chemistry. The phylogenetic tree was constructed by using the Maximum Likelihood method, generated by Mega 6.06®. Results: Analysis of the ORF5 and ORF7 showed high degree of sequence homology to PRRSV parent vaccine strain VR-2332, RespPRRSV and other mutant/chimeric virus strains. Conclusions: Our study suggests that recombination events between vaccine strains and field isolates may contribute to PRRSV virulence in the field

From farrow to finish.

This is a Problem-based Learning (PBL) where students are tested on their knowledge on pig disease, epidemiology, diagnostic approach, prevention and control as well on pig farm productivity and economics

Scrawny pinky.

This is a problem-based learning (PBL) to help students to identify the veterinary problems in a pig farm, to formulate hypothesis for the veterinary problems in the farm, and to investigate problems and defend a definite diagnosis