2,216 research outputs found
Smoking, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly, a systematic review.
Background. Nicotine may aid reaction time, learning and memory, but smoking increases cardiovascular risk. Cardiovascular risk factors have been linked to increased risk of dementia. A previous meta-analysis found that current smokers were at higher risk of subsequent dementia, Alzheimers disease, vascular dementia and cognitive decline. Methods. In order to update and examine this further a systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out using different search and inclusion criteria, database selection and more recent publications. Both reviews were restricted to those aged 65 and over. Results. The review reported here found a significantly increased risk of Alzheimers disease with current smoking and a likely but not significantly increased risk of vascular dementia, dementia unspecified and cognitive decline. Neither review found clear relationships with former smoking. Conclusion. Current smoking increases risk of Alzheimers disease and may increase risk of other dementias. This reinforces need for smoking cessation, particularly aged 65 and over. Nicotine alone needs further investigation. © 2008 Peters et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd
Excitations of the bimodal Ising spin glass on the brickwork lattice
An exact algorithm is used to investigate the distributions of the
degeneracies of low-energy excited states for the bimodal Ising spin glass on
the brickwork lattice. Since the distributions are extreme and do not
self-average, we base our conclusions on the most likely values of the
degeneracies. Our main result is that the degeneracy of the first excited state
per ground state and per spin is finite in the thermodynamic limit. This is
very different from the same model on a square lattice where a divergence
proportional to the linear lattice size is expected. The energy gap for the
brickwork lattice is obviously 2J on finite systems and predicted to be the
same in the thermodynamic limit. Our results suggest that a 2J gap is universal
for planar bimodal Ising spin glasses. The distribution of the second
contribution to the internal energy has a mode close to zero and we predict
that the low-temperature specific heat is dominated by the leading term
proportional to .Comment: 7 pages, 13 figure
Catalytic mechanism of Escherichia coli isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase involves Cys-67, Glu-116, and Tyr-104 as suggested by crystal structures of complexes with transition state analogues and irreversible inhibitors
Journal ArticleIsopentenyl diphosphate (IPP):dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) isomerase is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids. The reaction involves protonation and deprotonation of the isoprenoid unit and proceeds through a carbocationic transition state. Analysis of the crystal structures (2 A) of complexes of Escherichia coli IPP.DMAPPs isomerase with a transition state analogue (N,N-dimethyl-2-amino-1-ethyl diphosphate) and a covalently attached irreversible inhibitor (3,4-epoxy-3-methyl-1-butyl diphosphate) indicates that Glu-116, Tyr-104, and Cys-67 are involved in the antarafacial addition/elimination of protons during isomerization. This work provides a new perspective about the mechanism of the reaction
Domain wall entropy of the bimodal two-dimensional Ising spin glass
We report calculations of the domain wall entropy for the bimodal
two-dimensional Ising spin glass in the critical ground state. The L * L system
sizes are large with L up to 256. We find that it is possible to fit the
variance of the domain wall entropy to a power function of L. However, the
quality of the data distributions are unsatisfactory with large L > 96.
Consequently, it is not possible to reliably determine the fractal dimension of
the domain walls.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, submitted to PR
Mangetic properties of Ising thin-films with cubic lattices
We have used Monte Carlo simulations to observe the magnetic behaviour of
Ising thin-films with cubic lattice structures as a function of temperature and
thickness especially in the critical region. The fourth order Binder cumulant
is used to extract critical temperatures, and an extension of finite size
scaling theory for reduced geometry is derived to calculate the critical
exponents. Magnetisation and magnetic susceptibility per spin in each layer are
also investigated. In addition, mean-field calculations are also performed for
comparison. We find that the magnetic behaviour changes from two dimensional to
three dimensional character with increasing thickness of the film. The
crossover of the critical temperature from a two dimensional to a bulk value is
also observed with both the Monte Carlo simulations and the mean-field
analysis. Nevertheless, the simulations have shown that the critical exponents
only vary a little from their two dimensional values. In particular, the
results for films with up to eight layers provide a strong indication of two
dimensional universality.Comment: 18 pages, 9 figures, 2 table
Decolonising quantitative research methods pedagogy: teaching contemporary politics to challenge hierarchies from data
Decolonisation of the curriculum in higher education is a radical, transformative process of change that interrogates the enduring Eurocentric and racist narratives surrounding the production of academic ‘knowledge’. Our key argument is that it is essential for students of politics to understand the authorities and hierarchies exerted through quantitative data. In this paper, we show that (1) quantitative methods and data literacy can be an explicit tool in the endeavour to challenge structures of oppression, and (2) there is a need to apply decolonial principles to the teaching of quantitative methods, prioritising the historical contextualisation and anti-racist critique of the ways in which statistics amplify existing micro and macro power relations. To explain how this can be done, we begin with a commentary on the ‘state of decolonisation’ in higher education, its relevance to the sub-disciplines of politics, and its application to quantitative teaching in the UK. We then suggest some guiding principles for a decolonial approach to quantitative methods teaching, and present substantive examples from political sociology, international political economy, and international development. These suggestions and examples show how a decolonial lens advances critical and emancipatory thinking in undergraduate students of politics when it is used with quantitative methods
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