95 research outputs found
Imaging methodes of examining the hip joint
Zglob kuka je sinovijalni zglob apendikularnog skeleta, koji se sastoji od artikulacijske hrskavice, subhondralne koÅ”tane ploÄe, kapsule zgloba i sinovijalne membrane koja producira sinovijalnu tekuÄinu. Ankilozantni spondilitis je kroniÄna upalna bolest nepoznatog uzroka koja zahvaÄa aksijalni i apendikularni skelet. Promjene se vide na sinovijalnim i kartilaginoznim zglobovima, te hvatiÅ”tima tetiva i ligamenata za kost.The hip joint is a synovial joint of the appendicular skeleton which constituents of articular cartilage, subchondral bone plate, articular capsule synovial membrane which produces synovial fluid. Ankylosing spondylitis is chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown cause that affects the axial and appendicular skeleton. Alterations occur in synovial and cartilaginous joints and sites of tendon and ligament attachment to bone
Imaging in diagnostics of spondylartrhitis
Opisane su slikovne metode u obradi bolesnika sa sumnjom na spondiloartritis, s posebnim osvrtom na novije metode pregleda. Prikazali smo koje su moguÄnosti pojedine metode i kada je treba primijeniti. Važno je poznavanje dosega pojedine metode kako u pozitivnom tako u negativnom smislu, razmiÅ”ljajuÄi o dozi zraÄenja o regiji koju Äemo snimiti, o dobi bolesnika i koristi koju Äemo imati u postavljanju dijagnoze i lijeÄenju bolesnika.This article describes radiological possibilities in musculoskeletal imaging of patients with suspected spondyloarthritis, with point on new imaging methods. We show which method is the best to use in a certain scenario, and when to do US and when use CT, MR or tomosyntesis. We have to be mindful about the radiation doses and X-ray usage, taking into account the age of the patient and what benefits a certain method would bring
Imaging of metabolic bone diseases
Osteoporoza je kroniÄna progresivna bolest, najÄeÅ”Äa metaboliÄka koÅ”tana bolest koja može zahvatiti cijeli skelet. To je sistemska skeletna bolest karakterizirana niskom koÅ”tanom masom i promjenom u mikroarhitektonici kosti koja dovodi do pojaÄane lomljivosti kosti. KliniÄki može biti nezamjetljiva do prve frakture. Osjetljivost dijagnostiÄke metode, cijena koÅ”tanja i doza zraÄenja razlikuje se od metode do metode. MoguÄnosti slikovnog prikaza ukljuÄuju standardnu klasiÄnu radioloÅ”ku obradu, UZV, QUZV, SPA, DPA, QCT; denzitometriju DXA, MR, QMR, SPECT i scintigrafiju kosti.Osteoporosis, a chronic progressive disease, is the most common metabolic bone disease and can affect almost the entire skeleton. Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility. The disease often does not become clinically apparent until a fracture occurs. However, the sensitivity, examination time, cost, and radiation exposure of the different imaging techniques differ greatly. Imaging options include conventional x-ray images, US, QUS, SPA, DPA, quantitative CT (QCT), densitometry, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), MRI, QMR, SPECT and bone scanning
Rheumatoid arthritis - new imaging methods
Opisane su radioloÅ”ke moguÄnosti obrade koÅ”tano-miÅ”iÄnog sustava s posebnim osvrtom na reumatoidni artritis i novije metode pregleda, magnetsku rezonancu, ultrazvuk i kolor doppler. Opisana je tomosinteza, nova metoda u obradi trabekularne kosti, s moguÄnoÅ”Äu analize gustoÄe kosti, važne u reumatoidnom artritisu.The radiology imaging in musculoskeletal system with a point on rheumatoid arthritis and modern methods such as magnetic resonance, power ultrasound, and color Doppler are described. Tomosynthesis, a new method for analysis of trabecular bone and bone density, which is important in rheumatoid arthritis, is described too
Osteoarthritis - radiology imaging
Osteoartritis je degenerativni artritis. RadioloÅ”ki je karakteriziran suženjem zglobnog prostora, sklerozom subhondralne kosti te formiranjem cistiÄnih promjena i osteofita.Osteoarthritis is degenerative arthritis. On radiograms it is characterised with joint place narrowing, subchondral bone sclerosis, and formation of cystic and osteophitic changes
Dental alloys
LijeÄnik dentalne medicine u svakodnevnom se radu služi razliÄitim materijalima. Važna su skupina materijala u dentalnoj medicini metali i legure. Rabe se kao gradivni materijali u restaurativnoj i djeÄjoj dentalnoj medicini, ortodonciji, protetici i kirurgiji, a takoÄer se od njih izraÄuju i instrumenti te pomoÄna radna sredstva. Metali i legure za primjenu u stomatologiji moraju sadržavati odreÄena svojstva, a meÄu najbitnijima su biokompatibilnost, tvrdoÄa i ÄvrstoÄa. Metali kao zasebni elementi ne odgovaraju uvjetima koje traži zahtjevan okoliÅ” usne Å”upljine (osim titana), stoga se postupkom legiranja dobivaju razliÄite legure. Legure su mjeÅ”avina metala s nekim drugim metalom ili nemetalom u Ävrstoj otopini, sa svrhom dobivanja boljih svojstava, pri Äemu prevladavaju metalna svojstva. Leguru Äine komponente ili sastojine i po njihovom broju dijele se na binarne, ternarne i viÅ”ekomponentne. Metali koji pokazuju meÄusobnu sklonost (afinitet) i u tekuÄem i u krutom stanju meÄusobno se potpuno pomijeÅ”aju. Kristalizacijom nastaju Ävrste otopine ili kristali mjeÅ”anci. U dentalnoj medicini smiju se koristiti samo homologne legure s kristalima mjeÅ”ancima jer su one korozijski otporne. Kako bi se olakÅ”ao izbor i provela optimalna namjena legura, postoji nekoliko sistematizacija koje se najÄeÅ”Äe temelje na vrsti i masenom udjelu pojedinih sastojina, najÄeÅ”Äe plemenitih metala. Prema udjelu plemenitih metala legure se dijele na plemenite i neplemenite. Plemenite su legure zlata, srebro-paladijeve i paladijeve, dok u neplemenite legure pripadaju nikal-kromove, kobalt-kromove, legure željeza, titanove legure i amalgam.A dentist uses various materials in his everyday work. An important category of materials in dentistry is metals and alloys. They are used as construction materials in restorative and paediatric dentistry, orthodontics, prosthodontics and oral surgery. Furthermore, they are used in making of dental instruments and auxiliary tools. Dental metals and alloys have to have certain characteristics and the most important ones are biocompatibility, hardness and strength. Metals as separate elements do not satisfy the requirements of the demanding oral cavity environment (except for titan), hence the process of alloying which results in various alloys. Alloys are mixtures of a metal and another metal or non-metal in a solid solution with a purpose of acquiring better properties, with an emphasis on metallic properties. According to the components of the alloy, alloys are categorized into binary, ternary or multicomponent alloys. Metals which show mutual affinity in liquid and solid state blend together completely. Products of crystallization are solid solutions. In dentistry, only homogeneous alloys of identical crystals can be used because they are resistant to corosion. There are few systematizations which are usually based on the type and mass fraction of a certain component, most often noble metals. These systematizations make easier to choose the alloy and find its optimal purpose. Based on the mass fraction of the noble metal in the alloy, alloys can be noble or non-noble. Noble alloys are gold, silver-palladium and palladium alloys and non-noble alloys are nickel-chromium, cobalt-chromium, ferrous and titanium alloys and amalgam
Neurofibromatoza tipa 1: kliniÄka, patologijska i radiologijska korelacija
Type 1 neurofibromatosis is a phacomatosis inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder. It is characterized by the occurrence of hamartomas and tumors on the body, particularly on the nervous system and skin. The clinical criteria for its diagnosis include the following findings: six or more cafe-au-lait spots of 35 mm in diameter on the skin, two or more neurofibromas, spots in the axillary or inguinal region, optic nerve gliomas, two or more hamartomas of the iris, and characteristic changes of bones and brain. The pathologist\u27s finding is predominated by the occurrence of neurofibromas along peripheral and cranial nerves, optical gliomas, policystic astrocytomas of the brain, and hamartomas of the brain and iris. During a 15-year period, 166 children with type 1 neurofibromatosis were examined and radiologically evaluated. Classical radiological bone x-rays were made, along with brain and spine CT and MR. Dysplasia of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone was detected on bone tissue accompanied by deformation of the orbit and middle cranial fossa, wedge-formed vertebrae, expanded intervertebral foramina, and cystic masses in other bones. In the brain parenchyma, hamartomas, policystic astrocytomas and optic nerve gliomas were detected along with neurinomas of the cranial and spinal nerves. Based on the clinical, laboratory and radiologic follow-up of the patients with type 1 neurofibromatosis, the need is stressed for a multiple approach to the diagnosis and treatment of neurofibromatosis.Neurofibromatoza tipa 1 je fakomatoza koja se nasljeÄuje autosomno dominantno, a obilježena je pojavom hamartoma i tumora po tijelu, poglavito živÄanog sustava i kože. KliniÄki kriteriji za postavljanje dijagnoze temelje se na nalazima: Å”est ili viÅ”e pjega boje bijele kave promjera veÄeg od 5 mm na koži, dva ili viÅ”e neurofibroma, pjegavosti pazuÅ”nih i ingvinalnih regija, optiÄkog glioma, dva ili viÅ”e hamartoma Å”arenice i znakovitim promjenama na kostima i mozgu. U nalazu patologa dominira pojava neurofibroma duž perifernih i kranijskih živaca, optiÄkih glioma, policistiÄnog astrocitoma mozga te hamartoma mozga i Å”arenice. U tijeku 15-godiÅ”njeg razdoblja pregledano je i radioloÅ”ki obraÄeno 166 djece s neurofibromatozom tipa 1. Primijenjene su klasiÄne radioloÅ”ke metode snimanja kostiju, CT mozga i kraljeÅ”nice te MR mozga i kraljeÅ”nice. Na koÅ”tanom tkivu utvrÄena je displazija velikog krila sfenoida praÄena deformacijom orbite i srednje lubanjske jame, klinasto oblikovani kraljeÅ”ci, proÅ”ireni intervertebralni otvori te cistiÄne tvorbe u dugim kostima. U parenhimu mozga utvrÄeni su hamartomi, policistieniastrocitomi i gliomi optikusa te neurinomi kranijskih i spinalnih živaca. Na temelju kliniÄkog, laboratorijskog i radiologijskog praÄenja bolesnika s neurofibromatozom tipa 1 ukazano je na potrebu viÅ”estrukog pristupa u dijagnostici i lijeÄenju neurofibromatoze
RADIOLOGICAL FEATURES IN PEDIATRIC IMAGING
Juvenilni idiopatski artritis (JIA) autoimunosna je bolest koja se javlja u djeÄjoj dobi prije navrÅ”ene 16.
godine života i najÄeÅ”Äa je reumatska bolest u pedijatrijskoj populaciji s procijenjenom prevalencijom od 2 do 20, a
incidencijom od 16 do 150 na 100.000 djece. Defi nira se kao upala jednog ili viŔe zglobova koja traje najmanje 6 tjedana
u kontinuitetu. JIA je ponajprije kliniÄka dijagnoza koja se nadopunjuje nalazima laboratorijske i radioloÅ”ke obrade
radi Å”to ranijeg postavljanja dijagnoze, procjene proÅ”irenosti bolesti, praÄenja tijeka bolesti i odgovora na primijenjenu
terapiju. VrijedeÄa ILAR-ova (iz engl. International League of Associations for Rheumatology) klasifi kacija defi nira osam
razliÄitih tipova bolesti.Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is an autoimmune disease usually occurring in children before the
age of 16. As one of the most prevalent rheumatic diseases in the pediatric population, with an estimated prevalence of
2 to 20 and an incidence of 16 to 150 per 100,000 children, it is defi ned as an infl ammation of one or more joints, with
a duration of 6 weeks minimum. JIA is primarily diagnosed clinically, confi rmed by laboratory and radiological fi ndings,
with the goal of early detection and assessment of the spread and progress of the disease as well as the response to
medication. Th e current International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR) classifi cation defi nes eight
types of arthritis
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