Determination, purpose and tasks of innovations and innovative activity

На основі аналізу та узагальнення результатів вітчизняних і зарубіжних науковців в статті висвітлюються поняття «інновація» та «інноваційна діяльність», розкриваються різні підходи пов’язані з створенням, впровадженням та розповсюдженням нового в економічній сфері. Представлено зв'язок між інноваціями та інвестиціями. Підкреслюємо, що інноваційна діяльність є важливою складовою системи заходів щодо прискорення розвитку виробництва, підвищення його конкурентоспроможності та ефективності.Ключові слова: інновації, інноваційна діяльність, інвестиції, нововведення.магістр, Потапкин А. И., кандидат педагогических наук, Потапкина Л. В. Определение, цель и задания инноваций и инновационной деятельности / ЧВУЗ «Университет экономики и предпринимательства», Украина, ХмельницкийНа основе анализа и обобщения результатов отечественных и зарубежных научных исследователей в статье освещаются понятия «инновация» и «инновационная деятельность», раскрываются разные подходы связанные с созданием, внедрением и распространением, нового в экономической сфере. Представлено связь между инновациями и инвестициями. Подчеркиваем, что инновационная деятельность является важной составляющей системы мероприятий по ускорению развития производства, повышения его конкурентоспособности и эффективности.Ключевые слова: инновации, инновационная деятельность, инвестиции, нововведения.Master degree student, Potapkin A. I., PhD in Pedagogical, Potapkina L. V. Determination, purpose and tasks of innovations and innovative activity / Higher educational establishment «University of economy and enterprise», Ukraine, KhmelnytskyiOn the basis of analysis and generalization of the results of domestic and foreign scientific researchers, the article presents a concept of the «innovation» and the «innovative activity». The different approaches that are related to the creation, the introduction and the distribution of the new in an economic sphere are shown. Connection is presented between innovations and investments. Innovative activity is important making system of measures on the acceleration of development of production, increases of his competitiveness and efficiency.Key words: of innovation, innovative activity, investments, innovations

Fast diffusion of graphene flake on graphene layer

Diffusion of a graphene flake on a graphene layer is analyzed and a new diffusion mechanism is proposed for the system under consideration. According to this mechanism, rotational transition of the flake from commensurate to incommensurate states takes place with subsequent simultaneous rotation and translational motion until the commensurate state is reached again, and so on. The molecular dynamics simulations and analytic estimates based on ab initio and semi-empirical calculations demonstrate that the proposed diffusion mechanism is dominant at temperatures T ~ Tcom, where Tcom corresponds to the barrier for transitions of the flake between adjacent energy minima in the commensurate states. For example, for the flake consisting of ~ 40, 200 and 700 atoms the contribution of the proposed diffusion mechanism through rotation of the flake to the incommensurate states exceeds that for diffusion of the flake in the commensurate states by one-two orders of magnitude at temperatures 50 - 150 K, 200 - 600 K and 800 - 2400 K, respectively. The possibility to experimentally measure the barriers to relative motion of graphene layers based on the study of diffusion of a graphene flake is considered. The results obtained are also relevant for understanding of dynamic behavior of polycyclic aromatic molecules on graphene and should be qualitatively valid for a set of commensurate adsorbate-adsorbent systems.Comment: 33 pages, 6 figure

Molecular dynamics simulation of the self-retracting motion of a graphene flake

The self-retracting motion of a graphene flake on a stack of graphene flakes is studied using molecular dynamics simulations. It is shown that in the case when the extended flake is initially rotated to an incommensurate state, there is no barrier to the self-retracting motion of the flake and the flake retracts as fast as possible. If the extended flake is initially commensurate with the other flakes, the self-retracting motion is hindered by potential energy barriers. However, in this case, the rotation of the flake to incommensurate states is often observed. Such a rotation is found to be induced by the torque acting on the flake on hills of the potential relief of the interaction energy between the flakes. Contrary to carbon nanotubes, telescopic oscillations of the graphene flake are suppressed because of the high dynamic friction related to the excitation of flexural vibrations of the flake. This makes graphene promising for the use in fast-responding electromechanical memory cells.Comment: 24 pages, 8 figure

AA stacking, tribological and electronic properties of double-layer graphene with krypton spacer

Structural, energetic and tribological characteristics of double-layer graphene with commensurate and incommensurate krypton spacers of nearly monolayer coverage are studied within the van der Waals-corrected density functional theory. It is shown that when the spacer is in the commensurate phase, the graphene layers have the AA stacking. For this phase, the barriers to relative in-plane translational and rotational motion and the shear mode frequency of the graphene layers are calculated. For the incommensurate phase, both of the barriers are found to be negligibly small. A considerable change of tunneling conductance between the graphene layers separated by the commensurate krypton spacer at their relative subangstrom displacement is revealed by the use of the Bardeen method. The possibility of nanoelectromechanical systems based on the studied tribological and electronic properties of the considered heterostructures is discussed

Electronic transitions of iron in almandine-composition glass to 91 GPa

Valence and spin states of Fe were investigated in a glass of almandine (Fe$_3$Al$_2$Si$_3$O$_{12}$) composition to 91 GPa by X-ray emission spectroscopy and energy- and time-domain synchrotron Mössbauer spectroscopy in the diamond-anvil cell. Changes in optical properties, total spin moment and Mössbauer parameters all occur predominantly between 1 bar and ~30 GPa. Over this pressure range, the glass changes from translucent brown to opaque and black. The total spin moment of the glass derived from X-ray emission spectroscopy decreases by ~20%. The complementary Mössbauer spectroscopy approaches reveal consistent changes in sites corresponding to 80–90% Fe$^{2+}$ and 10–20% Fe$^{3+}$. The high-spin Fe$^{2+}$ doublet exhibits a continuous decrease in isomer shift and increase in line width and asymmetry. A high-spin Fe$^{3+}$ doublet with quadrupole splitting of ~1.2 mm/s is replaced by a doublet with quadrupole splitting of ~1.9 mm/s, a value higher than all previous measurements of high-spin Fe$^{3+}$ and consistent with low-spin Fe$^{3+}$. These observations suggest that Fe$^{3+}$ in the glass undergoes a continual transition from a high-spin to a low-spin state between 1 bar and ~30 GPa. Almandine glass is not expected to undergo any abrupt transitions in electronic state at deep mantle pressures.National Science FoundationThis is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from the Mineralogical Society of America via http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2016-560