One- versus two-visit endodontic treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis: A histobacteriologic study

HLA-A and HLA-B genes were typed by DNA sequencing in a mestizo population from Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Thirty-seven HLA-A and 51 HLA-B alleles were observed in 103 samples. The common typical Amerindian alleles (>5%) and haplotypes (?2.0%) found were A*02010101, *24020101, *310102, B*350101, and *4002, and A*310102-B*4002, A*240201-B*350101, and the typical European alleles were A*010101, *29010101, B*1402, B*180101, and A*020101-B*1402, A*020101-B*510101, and A*3002-B*180101. This reflects the blending of the two main parental populations of mestizos: Amerindian and Iberian. Mexicans were found to be relatively closer to the Portuguese than to Spaniards. This proximity may indicate a larger Portuguese influence in Mexicans than previously considered. Present data contribute to the understanding of the genetic structure in Mexico. " 2005 Blackwell Munksgaard.",,,,,,"10.1111/j.1399-0039.2005.00495.x",,,"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12104/41943","http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-27944495674&partnerID=40&md5=3a629477a551d6bfecde295348323d74",,,,,,"6",,"Tissue Antigens",,"66

Nitric oxide infused in the solitary tract nucleus blocks brain glucose retention induced by carotid chemoreceptor stimulation

Previous work has shown that the carotid body glomus cells can function as glucose sensors. The activation of these chemoreceptors, and of its afferent nucleus in the brainstem (solitary tract nucleus - STn), induces rapid changes in blood glucose levels and brain glucose retention. Nitric oxide (NO) in STn has been suggested to play a key role in the processing of baroreceptor signaling initiated in the carotid sinus [1]. However, the relationship between changes in NO in STn and carotid body induced glycemic changes has not been studied. Here we investigated in anesthetized rats how changes in brain glucose retention, induced by the local stimulation of carotid body chemoreceptors with sodium cyanide (NaCN), were affected by modulation of NO levels in STn. We found that NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) micro-injected into STn completely blocked the brain glucose retention reflex induced by NaCN chemoreceptor stimulation. In contrast, NOS inhibitor Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) increased brain glucose retention reflex compared to controls or to SNP rats. Interestingly, carotid body stimulation doubled the expression of nNOS in STn, but had no effect in iNOS. NO in STn could function to terminate brain glucose retention induced by carotid body stimulation. The work indicates that NO and STn play key roles in the regulation of brain glucose retention. © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Nicotine and fluoxetine induce arousing effects on sleep-wake cycle in antidepressive doses: A possible mechanism of antidepressant-like effects of nicotine

Previous work has shown that the carotid body glomus cells can function as glucose sensors. The activation of these chemoreceptors, and of its afferent nucleus in the brainstem (solitary tract nucleus - STn), induces rapid changes in blood glucose levels and brain glucose retention. Nitric oxide (NO) in STn has been suggested to play a key role in the processing of baroreceptor signaling initiated in the carotid sinus [1]. However, the relationship between changes in NO in STn and carotid body induced glycemic changes has not been studied. Here we investigated in anesthetized rats how changes in brain glucose retention, induced by the local stimulation of carotid body chemoreceptors with sodium cyanide (NaCN), were affected by modulation of NO levels in STn. We found that NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) micro-injected into STn completely blocked the brain glucose retention reflex induced by NaCN chemoreceptor stimulation. In contrast, NOS inhibitor N?-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) increased brain glucose retention reflex compared to controls or to SNP rats. Interestingly, carotid body stimulation doubled the expression of nNOS in STn, but had no effect in iNOS. NO in STn could function to terminate brain glucose retention induced by carotid body stimulation. The work indicates that NO and STn play key roles in the regulation of brain glucose retention. " 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",,,,,,"10.1016/j.niox.2011.09.003",,,"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12104/43150","http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-81755177545&partnerID=40&md5=7da91b1b1ac1f5dad487d85b00687cdd",,,,,,"4",,"Nitric Oxide - Biology and Chemistry",,"38

Nitric oxide in the commissural nucleus tractus solitarii regulates carotid chemoreception hyperglycemic reflex and c-Fos expression

Carotid body chemoreceptors function as glucose sensors and contribute to glucose homeostasis. The nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) is the first central nervous system (CNS) nuclei for processing of information arising in the carotid body. Here, we microinjected a nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an NO-independent activator of the soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) (YC1) or an NO-synthase (NOS) inhibitor Nω-nitro-l- arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) into the commissural NTS (cNTS) before carotid chemoreceptor anoxic stimulation and measured arterial glucose and the expression of Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-ir). Male Wistar rats (250-300 g) were anesthetized, and the carotid sinus was vascularly isolated. Either artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF), SNP, YC1 or L-NAME were stereotaxically injected into the cNTS. The SNP and YC1 infused into the cNTS before carotid chemoreceptor stimulation (SNP-2 and YC1-2 groups) similarly increased arterial glucose compared to the aCSF-2 group. By contrast, infusion of L-NAME into the cNTS before carotid chemoreceptor stimulation (L-NAME-2 group) decreased arterial glucose concentration. The number of cNTS Fos-ir neurons, determined in all the groups studied except for YC1 groups, significantly increased in SNP-2 rat when compared to the aCSF-2 or SNP-2 groups. Our findings demonstrate that NO signaling, and the correlative activation of groups of cNTS neurons, plays key roles in the hyperglycemic reflex initiated by carotid chemoreceptor stimulation. © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Contribution of TNF-308A and CCL2-2518A to Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Obese Mexican Children and Adolescents

Background: Although commonly used in adults to detect early atherosclerosis, the value of the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in children and adolescents is not clear. This marker has an inheritable component that supports the notion of a genetic influence. Among the genes studied as candidates for atherosclerosis development are those for chemokines, cytokines, and adhesion molecules because of their participation in atheroma formation through monocyte recruitment and migration. Methods: We analyzed the relationship between CIMT and functional polymorphic variants in the genes for chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines associated with cardiovascular events in adults in lean and obese but otherwise healthy 6- to 19-year-old subjects. Results: In the obese group, systolic blood pressure correlated negatively (r =-0.332; p\ua0= 0.008) and the TNF-308A allele correlated positively (r = 0.262; p = 0.040) with CIMT. The mean CIMT was higher in obese individuals with the TNF-308A allele than in those with TNF-308G allele (p = 0.041). In a multiple regression model for the total population, an increase in CIMT was explained by body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and the TNF-308A and CCL2-2518A alleles (r2 = 0.321; p = 0.022). Conclusions: This study contributes to the understanding of the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and suggests that genetic markers of an increased inflammatory response and its deleterious effects are already present in obese children and adolescents. © 2008 IMSS

Constant of heat conduction and stabilization of bus bar conductor

Background: Although commonly used in adults to detect early atherosclerosis, the value of the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in children and adolescents is not clear. This marker has an inheritable component that supports the notion of a genetic influence. Among the genes studied as candidates for atherosclerosis development are those for chemokines, cytokines, and adhesion molecules because of their participation in atheroma formation through monocyte recruitment and migration. Methods: We analyzed the relationship between CIMT and functional polymorphic variants in the genes for chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines associated with cardiovascular events in adults in lean and obese but otherwise healthy 6- to 19-year-old subjects. Results: In the obese group, systolic blood pressure correlated negatively (r =-0.332; p = 0.008) and the TNF-308A allele correlated positively (r = 0.262; p = 0.040) with CIMT. The mean CIMT was higher in obese individuals with the TNF-308A allele than in those with TNF-308G allele (p = 0.041). In a multiple regression model for the total population, an increase in CIMT was explained by body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and the TNF-308A and CCL2-2518A alleles (r2 = 0.321; p = 0.022). Conclusions: This study contributes to the understanding of the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and suggests that genetic markers of an increased inflammatory response and its deleterious effects are already present in obese children and adolescents. " 2008 IMSS.",,,,,,"10.1016/j.arcmed.2008.07.007",,,"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12104/40345","http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-55249084641&partnerID=40&md5=2167552431211ce90f6e1ae18a933d60",,,,,,"8",,"Archives of Medical Research",,"75

Tumor necrosis factor haplotype diversity in Mestizo and Native populations of Mexico

The so-called tumor necrosis factor (TNF) block includes the TNFA, lymphotoxin alpha and beta (LTA and LTB) genes with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and microsatellites with an allele frequency that exhibits interpopulation variability. To date, no reports have included both SNPs and microsatellites at the TNF block to study Mestizo or Amerindian populations from Mexico. In this study, samples of five Mexican Mestizo populations (Durango, Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, and Tierra Blanca) and four native-Mexican populations (North Lacandonians, South Lacandonians, Tepehuanos, and Yaquis) were genotyped for two SNPs (LTA+252A>G and TNFA-308G>A) and four microsatellites (TNFa, d, e, and f), to analyze the genetic substructure of the Mexican population. Allele and haplotype frequencies, linkage disequilibrium (LD), and interpopulation genetic relationships were calculated. There was significant LD along almost all of the TNF block but the lowest D' values were observed for the TNFf-TNFd pair. Mestizos showed higher allele and haplotype diversity than did natives. The genetic differentiation level was reduced among Mestizos; however, a slightly, but significant genetic substructure was observed between northern and southern Mexican Mestizos. Among the Amerindian populations, the genetic differentiation level was significantly elevated, particularly in both North and South Lacandonians. Furthermore, among Southern Lacandonians, inhabitants of Lacanja town were the most differentiated from all the Mexicans analyzed. The data presented here will serve as a reference for further population and epidemiological studies including these TNF polymorphisms in the Mexican population. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Critical ischemia time in a model of spinal cord section. A study performed on dogs

Vascular changes after acute spinal cord trauma are important factors that predispose quadriplegia, in most cases irreversible. Repair of the spinal blood flow helps the spinal cord recovery. The average time to arrive and perform surgery is 3 h in most cases. It is important to determine the critical ischemia time in order to offer better functional prognosis. A spinal cord section and vascular clamping of the spinal anterior artery at C5–C6 model was used to determine critical ischemia time. The objective was to establish a critical ischemia time in a model of acute spinal cord section. Four groups of dogs were used, anterior approach and vascular clamp of spinal anterior artery with 1, 2, 3, and 4 h of ischemia and posterior hemisection of spinal cord at C5–C6 was performed. Clinical evaluation was made during 12 weeks and morphological evaluation at the end of this period. We obtained a maximal neurological coordination at 23 days average. Two cases showed sequels of right upper limb paresis at 1 and 3 ischemia hours. There was nerve conduction delay of 56% at 3 h of ischemia. Morphological examination showed 25% of damaged area. The VIII and IX Rexed’s laminae were the most affected. The critical ischemia time was 3 h. Dogs with 4 h did not exhibit any recovery