Reversing a Tyranny of Cascading Shoreline-Protection Decisions Driving Coastal Habitat Loss

Abstract Shoreline hardening is a major driver of biodiversity and habitat loss in coastal ecosystems yet remains a common approach to coastal management globally. Using surveys of waterfront residents in North Carolina, USA, we sought to identify factors influencing individual shore‐protection decisions and ultimately impacting coastal ecosystems, particularly coastal wetlands. We found that neighboring shore condition was the best predictor of respondent shore condition. Respondents with hardened shorelines were more likely to have neighbors with hardened shorelines, and to report that neighbors influenced their shore‐protection choices than respondents with natural shorelines. Further, respondents who expressed climate‐change skepticism and preference for shoreline hardening were opposed to shoreline‐hardening restrictions. Despite preferring hardening, respondents ranked wetlands as highly valuable for storm protection and other ecosystem services, suggesting a disconnect between the ecological knowledge of individuals and social norms of shore‐protection decisions. However, our results also suggest that efforts to increase the installation of living shorelines have the potential to conserve and restore important coastal habitats and support biodiversity along shorelines that may otherwise be degraded by hardening. Further, encouraging waterfront‐property owners who have adopted living shorelines to recommend them to neighbors may be an effective strategy to initiate and reinforce pro‐conservation social norms

Spatial escape at a physiological cost: Consequences for coral reef macroalgae inhabiting refugia from herbivores

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-100)Community organization is governed by a hierarchy of environmental variables that limit the performance or efficiency of organisms within a range of tolerable habitat conditions. Some of the more suitable habitats within a species fundamental niche often are not accessible and a species distribution instead represents a much smaller realized niche. On tropical reefs where macroalgae are subjected to a continuous presence of herbivore pressure, algal distribution and community assemblages may rely on the nature and availability of small scale spatial refugia within the reef. The majority of macroalgae across the back reefs of Moorea, French Polynesia occur in protected narrow crevices and hole microhabitats provided by massive Porites spp. coral heads. Although the majority of space available for colonization is composed of exposed surfaces, macroalgae are rarely found on those surfaces. These distributions are determined initially by postsettlement mortality of young algal recruits in exposed habitats. Rates of consumption for two of the most common macroalgal species found in refugia across the back reef; Halimeda minima, and Amansia rhodantha, indicate that algal recruits in exposed habitats are limited by herbivory. Neither study species associated with refugia, H. minima nor A. rhodantha, were physiologically specialized to the environmental characteristics of the microhabitat. The integrated effect of higher irradiances outside microhabitats resulted in an over two-fold increase in oxygen production and growth performance for both species. Although investigations of photosynthetic response, using rapid light curves, revealed decreased photosynthetic capacity regardless of the light environment, potentially a result of self-shading and diurnal fluctuations in light availability. There was still an increased photosynthetic advantage in a higher light environment for the performance of the algal individuals. It appears that the establishment and distribution of algae across the back reef has resulted in a physiological tradeoff, where the negative effects of the microhabitat on photosynthesis and growth perform:;mce are outweighed by the opportunity for protection from herbivore consumption. The importance of herbivory as a dominant force on reef communities is apparent. However, integrating the concept of small scale refugia into community ecology as a determining factor in abundances and shaping community structure has received little attention. The results of this study demonstrate that the impact of herbivory, on occurrence and potentially the coexistence of many macroalgal species, ultimately is dependent upon the nature and availability of small scale spatial refugia across the back reef