Getting the Price Tag of the COVID Crisis: Measuring Health Expenditures in a Pandemic Based on the System of Health Accounts Framework

The COVID-19 pandemic forced many (if not all) countries to resort to extreme interventions to manage the spread of the Corona virus. However, most of these spending are not explicitly considered as health expenditures in typical National Health Accounts (NHA) estimates. As such, estimating health spending by employing the conventional expenditure items recorded in NHAs may not reflect the overall financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the healthcare system. We argue that an expanded measure of health spending might be needed to capture the overall impact of the pandemic on the health expenditures. We find at least nine COVID-related expenditure groups that are consistent with the accounting principles of the System of Health Accounts framework and should be considered by statistical agencies and health ministries when compiling their respective NHAs

An examination of the role of social factors in the stability of proactive and reactive aggression from late childhood to early adolescence

There is substantial research indicating adverse outcomes associated with childhood aggression. The functions of aggression, proactive and reactive aggression, have been widely examined with distinct correlates associated with each function of aggression. However, research on the stability of the functions of aggression is scarce. Furthermore, factors that may moderate the stability of aggression have not been examined. Understanding the stability of aggression and moderating factors is important for targeted intervention. Thus, the current study examined the 3-year stability of proactive and reactive aggression and examined social factors as potential moderators. The sample included 279 participants (51.6% female) recruited from an elementary school in a small, Midwestern city and consisted of 3rd-5th graders at Time 1. Data for Time 2 was collected three years later when participants were in 6th-8th grade. At Time 1, participants completed self-report measures on demographics, proactive and reactive aggression, peer rejection, peer delinquency, and parental psychological control. At Time 2, participants completed self-report measures on proactive and reactive aggression. Results indicated that only reactive aggression was stable across three years. Additionally, among the three social factors across functions of aggression, only peer delinquency was found to moderate the association between T1 and T2 levels of reactive aggression such that T1 reactive aggression was related to T2 reactive aggression when levels of T1 peer delinquency were high. Future research should continue examining moderating factors to further identify points for targeted intervention

The Role of Social Support in the Associations Between Neighborhood Violence and Internalizing Symptoms among Latino Youth

Latino youth are one of the fastest growing populations in the country and are at a disproportionately higher risk for being exposure to violence in their neighborhoods. Prior research has investigated the mental health outcomes of exposure to neighborhood violence; however, there are few studies on protective factors for the potentially negative outcomes of Latino youth who are exposed to neighborhood violence. It was hypothesized that neighborhood violence would have a curvilinear relationship with depressive symptoms, but a linear relationship with anxiety symptoms. It was also hypothesized that social support, from both family and peers, would moderate the association between neighborhood violence and both anxiety and depression symptoms, with family support expected to have a stronger buffering effect due to the Latino cultural value of familismo. The current sample included 144 Latino adolescents (N = 78 Males; M = 16.25 years, SD = 1.46) from a charter high school in a large, Midwestern city. Participants completed a survey that included self-report measures on neighborhood violence exposure, anxiety symptoms, depression symptoms, and social support. Neighborhood violence exposure was found to have a linear association with both anxiety and depression symptoms. Additionally, neither peer nor family social support moderated the associations between neighborhood violence exposure and internalizing symptoms. Future research should continue examining factors that may buffer exposure to violence in the neighborhood, particularly among Latino youth

How is Psychosocial Adaptation and Cognitive Function Assessed in Differences/Disorders of Sex Development? A Scoping Review Protocol.

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/166318/1/Scoping Review Protocol_Psychosocial Adaptation.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/166318/3/Scoping Review Protocol_Psychosocial Adaptation.pdfSEL

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Recent deployments gave rise to twin problems for the Armed Forces of the Philippines Provident Trust Fund (AFPPTF). Firstly, the AFPPTF, though it has identified the type of assets in its planned portfolio, is not sure how to allocate the assets in the portfolio in order to optimize returns. Secondly, the AFPPTF has no visibility of expected returns in the future years, on which to base its decisions in determining the amount of yearly scholarship assistance. This thesis research aimed to solve these twin problems of the AFPPTF. The research involved two broad steps - data collection and model construction and analysis. Data collection was primarily through literature reviews, archival research, and interviews. The analysis involved simulation through the Monte Carlo method. The model was created using Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, where all the possible variables affecting future portfolio returns and fund balances were linked with the other variables through formulas and equations. These variables, such as initial investment, yearly scholarship and operating expenses, etc., were based on the various yearly cash flows of the AFPPTF. The portfolio returns and yearly fund balances, called "forecasts" in the model, were based on the probability distributions of the historical returns of the assets in the portfolio. Simulation runs, each run involving 5,000 trials, were undertaken to determine the expected portfolio returns and fund balances in a 20-year time horizon. Simulation was also used in determining the optimal asset allocation used in the model The model may be used by the management of AFPPTF in financial planning by varying certain variables, conducting simulation runs on each variation, creating and analyzing simulation results, and ultimately making decisionshttp://www.archive.org/details/financialplannin00poquNAPhilippine Air Force author

Scoping Review Protocol

JBI Protocol for Scoping Revie

Scoping Review: Stigma and Physical Health among Sexual and Gender Diverse People

The objective of this scoping review is to understand the extent and type of evidence in relation to stigma processes and physical health outcomes among sexual and gender diverse (SGD) people