An estimation of the interfacial energy of the copper-copper sulphate solution interface and of the specific surface of copper powder

A possible way for the estimation of the interfacial energy of the copper copper sulphate solution interface is proposed. The estimated value of (2.7± 0.3) J cm-2 and the derived equations which relate the specific surface of copper powder to the deposition conditions permit an estimation of the specific surface of copper powderc The agreement between the estimated value and literature data is very good

The shape of the polarization curve and diagnostic criteria for control of the metal electrodeposition process

The simulated shapes of the polarization curves were correlated with the type of metal electrodeposition process control as a function of the ratio of the exchange current density to the limiting diffusion current density (j(0)/j(L)). Diagnostic criteria based on the j(0)/j(L) ratios were established. For j(0)/j(L) > 100, the system is under the ohmic control. In the range 1 LT j(0)/j(L) LT = 100, there is mixed ohmic-diffusion control. Pure diffusion control appears in the range 0.1 LT j(0)/j(L) LT = 1. For j(0)/j(L) LT = 0.1, the system is activation controlled at low overpotentials. The proposed diagnostic criteria were verified by comparison of the simulated curves with experimentally recorded ones and by morphological analysis of deposits obtained under the different types of control of the metal electrodeposition process

Physical modeling of representative particles of electrodeposited copper powders

A method for the estimation of the size of the representative particle of a copper powder is given. Cross sections of representative particles of flowing and non-flowing powders estimated by this procedure are also presented.U radu je dat metod za procenu veličine reprezentativnih čestica bakarnog praha. Predstavljeni su poprečni preseci reprezentativne čestice tečljivog i netečljivog praha dobijeni korišćenjem ovog postupka

Effect of temperature on the electrodeposition of disperse copper deposits

The effect of temperature on the electrodeposition of copper at overpotentials belonging to the plateau of the limiting diffusion current density and higher was examined by the determination of the average current efficiency of hydrogen evolution and by scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis of the morphology of the formed copper deposits. Increasing the temperature of the solution led to a shift of both the beginning and the end of the plateau of the limiting diffusion current density towards lower electrodeposition overpotentials. Also, higher temperatures led to the formation of morphological forms of copper deposits characteristic for electrodeposition of copper at some higher overpotentials. The unexpected trend in the development of copper structures electrodeposited at an overpotential of 800 mV is discussed in terms of the effect of temperature on the viscosity and surface tension of the electroplating solution.Uticaj temperature na elektrohemijsko taloženje bakra na prenapetostima koje pripadaju platoima granične difuzione gustine struje, kao i na višim prenapetostima je ispitan određivanjem srednjeg iskorišćenja struje reakcije izdvajanja vodonika i analizom morfologija taloga bakra tehnikom skenirajuće elektronske mikroskopije. Povećanje temperature rastvora dovelo je do pomeranja i početka i kraja platoa granične difuzione gustine struje ka nižim prenapetostima. Takođe, povećanje temperature dovelo je do formiranja morfoloških formi taloga bakra karakterističnih za elektrohemijsko taloženje na nekim višim prenapetostima. Neočekivani trend u razvoju struktura bakra dobijenih na prenapetosti od 800 mV je bio diskutovan na osnovu uticaja temperature na viskoznost i površinski napon rastvora za elektrohemijsko taloženje bakra

The STM analysis of a silver mirror surface (NOTE)

In this work, the structure of a silver mirror surface was examined by the STM technique. It was shown that the structural characteristics which enable a high degree of mirror reflection from this surface, which is very close to the ideal reflectivity of silver, are: flat and mutually parallel parts of the surface which are smooth on the atomic level, and distances between adjacent flat parts which state several atomic diameters

The structure of bright zinc coatings

The structures of bright zinc coatings obtained from acid sulfate solutions in the presence of dextrin/salicyl aldehyde mixture were examined. It was shown by the STM technique that the surfaces of bright zinc coatings are covered by hexagonal zinc crystals, the tops of planes of which are flat and mutually parallel and which exhibit smoothness on the atomic level. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the bright zinc coatings showed that the zinc crystallites are oriented in the (110) plane only

The notion of 'the West' in the Serbian national imaginary

This article deals with the imagery of 'the West' in contemporary Serbia. In an analysis of interviews with young Serbian intellectuals, it evaluates how they use the metaphor of the West to construct their self-image. Furthermore, it discusses how Serbian responses to European stereotyping and 'Othering' of the Balkans can function as a form of celebratory appropriation, acceptance and exploitation of these stereotypes. It explores the 'self-exoticization' process as a reaction to the real or imagined western stereotyping that is detected in Serbian narratives, with the overall objective of demonstrating the urgency of critically rethinking the notion that the identity of European remote areas mirrors western interests and stereotypes. Serbian narratives echo the ongoing struggle over the definition and purpose of belonging to Europe in relation to a global economy. Memories, traditions and stereotypes of belonging are not just invented, but also actively encouraged and negotiated within Serbian society. Copyrigh

Conflicting identities: solidary incentives in the Serbo-Croatian war

Conflict elites often mobilize by distributing to their constituents solidary incentives to participation. Although elites find this strategy relatively cost-free at mobilization time, it greatly limits their action possibilities at conflict settlement time. The non-retractability of solidary incentives limits the ability of leaders to accommodate their adversaries. It thereby tends to produce protracted conflicts. This article draws upon the Serbo-Croatian conflict to illustrate this general proposition. It shows how distributions of solidary incentives contributed to the protractedness of the 1990-95 conflict between Croatia and Serbia following the dissolution of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The reliance of political leaders on solidary incentives also helps account for subsequent difficulties in implementing the Dayton Peace Agreement. The article concludes by reflecting on how the non-retractability of solidary incentives could affect practical strategies for producing peace in this setting