Review of literature on cognitive-behavioral therapy, behavioral parent training for aggressive behavior, and peer problem of children with conduct disorder

Introduction: This study provides an overview of interventions, including cognitive-behavioral therapy, behavioral parent training for aggressive behavior, and peer problems of children with conduct disorder (CD) worldwide. Conduct disorder is one of the main externalizing disorders listed in DSM-5 among children and adolescents. Children with this disorder violate basic rights of others and other societal norms. The main symptom of conduct disorder is aggression. Aggressive behavior often results in being rejected by their peers (especially those with prosocial behaviors) and losing the opportunity for developing social skills.  Methods: This study reviews the related studies on treatment of children with CD through the aforementioned methods conducted over the world. Most of the studies mainly focused on only children with conduct problems and only in a few of them parents of the children were involved as sources of data collection.  Results: This review demonstrated that researchers worldwide investigate aggressive behavior of children with conduct problems vastly. It is also evident that more studies need to be conducted in both developed and developing countries to solve peer problems of children with CD.  Conclusion: It is recommended that in developing countries studies based on making choices program need to be expanded.  Declaration of interest: Non

Predictive Role of Parental Acceptance, Rejection and Control in the Internet Addiction of the female students

Introduction: The consequences of the increasing use of the Internet for young people have became of interest for researchers in the field of sociology and psychology .The purpose of this study was to determine the role of parental acceptance, rejection, and control in Internet addiction of female students .The study population consisted of all female students of Shahid Beheshti University in Tehran .Methods: In which 262 individuals with a mean age of 24 years were selected in multi-stage cluster sampling. The method of study was descriptive and correlative type and questionnaires of "Internet Addiction Test (IAT)" and "scale of Parental Acceptance, Rejection and Control Questionnaire (PARCQ)" were used to collect data. Data analysis was performed using Pearson's correlation and regression analysis. Results: Results showed that the components of rejection, anger and ignorance of parents have a significant relationship with Internet addiction and there is an inverse significant relationship between the components of the acceptance and Internet addiction. However, no significant relationship was found between parental control and Internet addiction. The regression analysis showed that the variable of parental acceptance and ignorance has the most predictive role in girls' Internet addiction and paternal and maternal control component has no explanatory role in this model. Conclusion: The results showed that parenting style and parent-child interaction play an important roles in addictive tendencies of girls to the internet and we can use this component in prevention and intervention programs in this area

Validity and reliability of the multidimensional student’s life satisfaction scale among Iranian girl students

Life satisfaction is a subjective and unique concept for each person that constitutes an essential component of the subjective well-being. The aim of his study was investigating the psychometric properties of Multidimentional student’s Life Satisfaction Scale (MSLSS) by using confirmatory factor analysis. Sample size of 307 students in Tehran were selected randomly. To calculate the convergent validity of MSLSS, Satisfaction with Life Scale and Body Image Concern Inventory were implemented. Confirmatory factor structure for the first-order approach to MSLSS estimated using weighted least squares (WLS) criteria for assessing the adequacy of the data model with RMR, RMSEA, CFI, AGFI, GFI, 2c, / df2 c and 2 D c used. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of MSLSS was above 0.70 and the limit was satisfactory. Factor structure of the MSLSS after the first time using confirmatory factor analysis was confirmed. Correlation coefficient analysis showed that MSLSS is a significant positive relationship with Satisfaction with Life Scale and significant negative relationship with Body Image Concern Inventory which shows the convergent validity. A single first-order factor structure of MSLSS were better fit with the observed data. Confirmatory factor structure, reliability and validity of the MSLSS for research applications and clinical diagnostics were within acceptable limit

The Effectiveness of Job Stress Management on Improving Mental Health and Self-Efficacy of Training the Teachers

Background: Job stress is one of the most important problems in the modern world and have created many concerns for many organizations. The aim of present study was to determine the effectiveness of job stress management on improving mental health and self-efficacy of training the teachers.Methods: Forty teachers(21 women, and 19 men) were selected by simple random sampling assigned into the experimental and control groups. With a pre-test and post-test-control group design, subjects in the experimental group, undergone sessions of stress management training both groups were evaluated using Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale(TSES) and mental health inventory(MHI) in pre-test and post-test. Data analyzed by descriptive statistics and Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Results: Findings show that there were not significant differences between two groups in pretest, but stress management training, significantly increases psychological well-being and teaching self-efficacy scores in experimental group.Conclusion: The stress management training, could be intervention program in target groups and counseling centers, and with enhancing psychological well-being and senses of teaching self-efficacy of teachers, increase education to productivity of schools

The Comparison of Tendency to Risky Behaviour, in Secure/Insecure Attachment in Parents

Introduction: The purpose of the present research was comparing tendency to risky behaviors in secure/insecure attachment in parents (mother/father). Methods:  This research followed by a causal comparative method. The Sample were selected by an available method and was consisted of 340 single people (171 girls and 169 boys) living in Tehran, ranging between 18 and 30 years old. The data were collected via using the Young Adult's Risky Behaviors Scale (Zadeh Mohammadi et al. 2010), and Experience in Close RelationshipsRelationships Structure Questionnaire (Frailyet al. 2011). Descriptive methods of statistics such as mean, standard deviation and inferential statistics such as Manova was used as well.  Results: The Results showed that those showing insecure attachment patterns towards the mother were significantly higher at risk to become cigarette smokers, drug persuasion, and alcohol drinkers compared to those with secure attachment patterns. Also those showing insecure attachment patterns towards the father were significantly higher at risk to become cigarette smokers, drug persuasion, compared to those with secure attachment patterns. Conclusion: By considering the high-risk behavior in term of attachment, this research demonstrates that secure attachment creates an internal working model that provides compatible guidelines while encountering the stressful events. Declaration of Interest: None.  

Early Maladaptive Schemas as Predictors of Child Anxiety: The Role of Child and Mother Schemas

This study investigated the relationship between symptoms of anxiety in children and early maladaptive schemas in children and their mothers. Early maladaptive schemas are dysfunctional ways of thinking, feeling and behaving that develop as a result of adverse experiences with significant others in childhood, and lead to a higher risk of psychopathology. A sample of 200 non-clinical children (aged 9-13 years) completed the SCARED (Birmaher et al., 1997) and SIC (Rijkeboer and De Boo, 2010), their mothers completed the YSQ-SF (Young 1998). The psychometric properties of the SCARED separation anxiety and social phobia scales were inadequate. Regression analyses found that child anxiety scores were mainly predicted by the child schemas of loneliness, submission and vulnerability, which are similar to the anxiety predictors identified in adult samples. The failure schema was strongly related to anxiety symptoms in girls. Differences in schema predictors were found between girls and boys, and between different anxiety scales. Mother schemas were generally poor predictors of child anxiety symptoms. Support was found for the proposal that the schemas of self-sacrifice and enmeshment may not be maladaptive in children. This study identified several early maladaptive schemas that are significantly related to child anxiety symptoms, but further research is required to establish the causal direction of these relationships. Research in clinical samples is recommended to determine whether specific child schemas can differentiate between different types of psychopathology. The reliability and validity of the SCARED in Iranian children is questionable, and requires further examination.

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Persian Version of Depression, Anxiety and Stress (DASS-42): Non-Clinical Sample

Background Based on historical viewpoint, relationship among depression, anxiety and stress attracted clinical and theoretical consideration. Despite the relative overlap of these psychological disorders in general, these three syndromes are distinctive in terms of theoretically and conceptually aspects. Objectives The aim of current study is investigation confirmatory factor analysis and psychometric characteristics of Iranian version of depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS-42) in student’s population. Methods The student sample n = 664 studied in current study. The method of estimation Weighted Least Squares (WLS) used to investigate the confirmatory factor structure of this sample. NNFI, RMR, RMSEA, CFI, AGFI, GFI, ECVI, X2, X2 / df, were used to assess the adequacy of model fitness with data. In this study, MMPI -2 questionnaire, Cattell anxiety scale, and Beck depression inventory were used as criterion validity. Results The results suggest DASS-42 scale had satisfactory internal consistency, test-retest validity and concurrent reliability. The results showed three factors with first class fitted better with data and DASS-42 scale had desirable construct validity of student sample. Conclusions The results showed confirmatory factor structure and validity of this tool for application usages and clinical diagnosis are acceptable