Various aspects of soil and tree layer vegetation analysis in tropical dry deciduous forest of Hastinapur

Different parameters of Soil and vegetation analysis were carried out in Tropical dry deciduous forest of Hastinapur region of Uttar Pradesh. Vegetation of present study sites showed effects of various anthropogenic disturbances. The highly disturbed stand I showed low tree density while less disturbed stand III showed high tree density and good regeneration pattern. D-D curve were also drawn on the basis of the IVI of different species. Population structure of different tree species was drawn to understand the regeneration pattern. The most characteristic feature of the forest is dominance of xerophytic species and open forest canopy due to disturbances. Overgrazing and other biotic factors are making the area poor both in nutrient and top soil, which will eventually result in desertification of the Hastinapur in long run

Study of deep level defects of N+-CdS/P-CdTe solar cells

Among various photovoltaic materials, polycrystalline cadmium telluride thin film is now the most promising material, due to its low production cost excellent stability and reliability. Current-voltage and capacitance-voltage measurements of CdTe photovoltaic devices at different temperatures can provide valuable information about non-idealities in the n-p semiconductor junction. There are certain limitations which limit the efficiency of CdTe solar cells. There is no real distinction between defects and impurities in CdTe solar cells as both act as beneficial dopants or detrimental traps unlike Si where intentional shallow dopants and traps are distinctly different. Therefore, the role of defect states on CdTe solar cell performance, the effect of processing on defect states, and simple and effective characterization techniques must be investigated and identified. In this research the thin film n+-CdS/p-CdTe solar cells made with evaporated Cu as a primary back contact, are characterized by using the temperature dependence of the reverse bias diode current (J-V-T) to determine the energy levels of deep defects. The results of the J-V-T measurements on solar cells made at NJIT show that while modest amounts of Cu enhance cell performance, an excessive high temperature annealing step degrades device quality and reduces efficiency. This work addresses the error that can be introduced during defect energy level estimation if the temperature dependence of the carrier capture cross-section is neglected. Therefore, the location of traps is derived using a Shockley-Read-Hall recombination model with modified assumptions. A Cu-related deep level defect with activation energy of 0.57eV is observed for Cu evaporated back contact cells and an intrinsic defect with activation energy 0.89eV is found. Frequency dispersion in Capacitance-Voltage measurements confirms the presence of Cu-related deep level traps for cells with a Cu evaporated back contact, whereas no such defects are observed in carbon paste contact. The behavior is believed to be due to diffusion of excess Cu from the contact. It is further observed that majority carrier deep level traps (Cu-related or intrinsic) contribute differently to the degradation of electronic properties of the CdTe solar cells. A simple and effective characterization technique based on temperature dependent capacitance spectroscopy (TDCS) is used to identify majority carrier trapping defects in thin film n+-CdS/p-CdTe solar cell, made with evaporated Cu as a primary back contact. The distinct deep level traps, observed by TDCS seem to be due to the ionization of impurity centers located in the depletion region of n+-CdS/p-CdTe junctio

AC susceptibility study of superconducting YBa2Cu3O7:Agx bulk composites (x = 0.0-0.20): The role of intra and inter granular coupling

We report the effect of silver addition on superconducting performance of bulk YBCO (YBa2Cu3O7) superconductor. All the studied samples are prepared by conventional solid-state reaction method. Rietveld fitted X-ray diffraction data confirmed the single phase formation for all the studied samples. Detailed AC susceptibility measurements as a function of driven AC amplitude (1Oe-17Oe) of these samples revealed the enhancement of grains coupling with increasing Ag content in YBCO+Agx composite system. 10wt% Ag added YBCO superconductors exhibited the optimum inter granular coupling. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observations indicate an increase in the grains connectivity in terms of narrow grain boundaries for doped samples. The average grain size is found to increase with Ag doping. It is concluded that limited addition of Ag in bulk YBCO superconductor significantly improves the grains coupling and as result optimum superconducting performance. YBCO+Ag composites could prove to be potential candidates for bulk superconducting applications of the studied high Tc system.Comment: 15 pages of text + Fig

Evolution of superconductivity in PrFe1-xCoxAsO with x = 0.0 to 1.0

We report the synthesis and physical property characterization of PrFe1-xCoxAsO with x = 0.0 to 1.0. The studied samples are synthesized by solid state reaction route via vacuum encapsulation method. The pristine compound PrFeAsO does not show superconductivity, but rather exhibits a metallic step like transition due to spin density wave ordering of Fe moments below 150 K, followed by another upward step due to anomalous ordering of Pr moments at 12 K. Both the Fe-SDW and Pr-TN temperatures decrease monotonically with Co substitution at Fe site. Superconductivity appears in a narrow range of x from 0.07 to 0.25 with maximum Tc at 11.12 K for x = 0.15. Samples, with x = 0.25 exhibit metallic behavior right from 300 K down to 2 K, without any Fe-SDW or Pr-TN steps in resistivity. In fact, though Fe-SDW decreases monotonically, the Pr-TN is disappeared even with x = 0.02. The magneto transport measurements below 14 Tesla on superconducting polycrystalline Co doped PrFeAsO lead to extrapolated values of the upper critical fields [Hc2(0)] of up to 60 Tesla.Comment: 15 pages Text+Fig

Social Images of Sexual Exploitation and Human Suffering In Mulk Raj Anand Coolie and Untouchable

Social images related with society. In our society, there are so many social problems. Both the novel brings out the suffering of the poor human being. Bakha, the protagonist in Untouchable represents the exploitation which has been the destiny of untouchables like him. The untouchable belongs to the scavenger caste. Thus, untouchable deals with different kinds of exploitations such as social, political, economic and sexual exploitation. Mulk Raj Anand’s Coolie is a novel of child labor. Munoo is the central character or protagonist of the novel, Coolie. The novelist depicts the turn child labor in the life of Munoo through his story of repression. The novel Coolie is a painful story of human suffering. It discusses the problems of coolies in our society.  Mulk Raj Anand was one of the first India-based writers in English literature. He was an Indian writer in English. He is appreciated for his novels and short stories. Life of this great writer is filled with immense happenings. Certainly some of them are very critical and some are unbelievable.  He focuses various social, economic and cultural issues in his works particularly in his novels. He has written about 15 novels; some of them his famous novels are Untouchable (1935), Coolie (1936), Two Leaves and a Bud (1937), The Village (1939), Across the Black Waters (1939), The Sword and the Sickle (1942), The Private Life of an Indian Prince (1953). He has written also two collections namely Indian Fairy Tales (1946) and More Indian Fairy Tales (1961). In addition to this, he has created more than 6 collections of short stories. Anand’s first three novels – Untouchable, Coolie and Two Leaves and a Bud deal with the social issues in Pre-independent India. Anand focuses the lot of class of the deprived, the oppressed and the exiles. Coolie and Untouchable are the best example of the deprived and oppressed society

Rukmani as a Larger than Life Figure in Kamala Markandaya’s Nectar in a Sieve

A strong woman knows she has strength enough for the journey, but a woman of strength knows it is in the journey where she will become strong. Women have significant place in Kamala Markandaya’s novels.  Her protagonists possess life-affirming qualities. By making them central characters of her novels, she has highlighted their roles in present-day world. Being a women novelist, Kamala Markandaya has brought mostly women characters into being. She breathes life in her women characters. Kamala shows her sagacity in launching female characters as her protagonists. The aim of writing this research paper is to highlight Rukmani’s character the protagonist in Nectar in a Sieve. Rukmani is one who feels deeply and loves fiercely. Her tears flow as abundantly as her laughter. She is both practical and spiritual. A strong message which Rukmani gives in Nectar in a Sieve is that one must have faith in life. Faith is a great sustain power with which one, like Rukmani in the novel, can brave any hardship or misfortunes and even draw ‘nectar in a sieve’

Relation of serum 25(OH) D with variables of thyroid and lipid profile in perimenopausal women

Background: Deficiency of vitamin D is quite prevalent among elderly population or postmenopausal women worldwide and may affect various function of the body. The status of its deficiency with their relation with other variables are not well explored in perimenopausal women.Methods: 100 perimenopausal women from the department of obstetrics and gynaecology were selected without having known risk of thyroid disorder and cardiovascular disease. The age group criteria for these women were 40 to 50 years. Thyroid profile including TSH, T3, and T4 were estimated by using enzyme linked immunesorbent assay. Serum levels of 25(OH) D3 was estimated by using spectrophotometric method. Lipid profile including TC, TG and HDL-C were estimated CHOD-POD method, GPO-PAP method, and CHOD-POD/Phosphotungustate method. LDL-C was calculated by friedewald formula.Results: There 58 women were presented with insufficient amount of vitamin D. They were characterised with increased BMI, elevated thyrotropin alongwith lower concentrations of T3 and T4. Increased levels of TC, TG and LDL-cholesterol alongwith lower concentration of HDL-C were also observed in women with vitamin d deficiency. Women having vitamin D deficiency were presented with overweight (OR-18.0, p-value=<0.001) and dyslipidemia (OR-12.13, p-value≤0.001). Vitamin D was negatively correlated with variable i.e. BMI, TSH, TC, TG and LDL-C. This negative association was significant (<0.001) while HDL-C and T4 were positively correlated with vitamin D levels in this study population.Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency frequently occurs in middle aged perimenopausal women. Negative correlation of it with BMI, TSH and lipid variables may suggest the development of cardiovascular disease and hypothyroidism in coming years. Vitamin D supplements or vitamin D containing diet and regular exposure to sun is highly recommended to perimenopausal women

Laplace Adomian Decomposition Method to study Chemical ion transport through soil

The paper deals with a theoretical study of chemical ion transport in soil under a uniform external force in the transverse direction, where the soil is taken as porous medium. The problem is formulated in terms of boundary value problem that consists of a set of partial differential equations, which is subsequently converted to a system of ordinary differential equations by applying similarity transformation along with boundary layer approximation. The equations hence obtained are solved by utilizing Laplace Adomian Decomposition Method (LADM). The merit of this method lies in the fact that much of simplifying assumptions need not be made to solve the non-linear problem. The decomposition parameter is used only for grouping the terms, therefore, the nonlinearities is handled easily in the operator equation and accurate approximate solution are obtained for the said physical problem. The computational outcomes are introduced graphically. By utilizing parametric variety, it has been demonstrated that the intensity of the external pressure extensively influences the flow behavior